Introduction to Social Work in Canada

Nicole Ives is an Associate Professor and Director of the Bachelor of Social Work program at McGill Universitys School of Social Work. She is a qualitative researcher with a focus on refugee and immigrant issues and issues of acculturation, exploring the lived experience of policies. Her research has included examining outcomes for refugees that have been sponsored by religious congregations, the effects of US immigration policy on Liberian refugee families, and Bosnian refugee resettlement in the United States and Denmark. Ives teaches Anti-Oppressive Social Work Practice and Qualitative Research Methods, participates on the BSW Program Task Force, and is a member of the First Nations and Inuit Social Work Program Steering Group. She has taught at McGill, the University of Pennsylvania, and Rutgers.Myriam Denov is James McGill Professor, a Trudeau Fellow, and Canada Research Chair in Youth, Gender, and Armed Conflict (Tier 1) at the School of Social Work at McGill University. Her research and teaching interests lie in the areas of child and youth in adversity, and international child protection, with an emphasis on war and political violence, children in armed conflict, and gender-based violence. Denov has authored five books, including for Cambridge University Press and for Palgrave Macmillan. She holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge, where she was a Commonwealth Scholar.Tamara Sussman is an Associate Professor in the School of Social Work, McGill University. Her research focuses on how health services and systems impact older adults and their family members. Her research projects include spousal carers experiences with home care; older adults and family members experiences with the transition into long-term care; barriers and facilitators to the delivery of effective interventions for depressed older adults and their care partners; and most recently the experiences of more marginalized populations of older adults such as older homeless adults and older adults identifying as gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT). In 2011, Dr. Sussman was awarded the H. Noel Fieldhouse Award for Distinguished Teaching in recognition of her teaching excellence.

• From the PublisherFrom the AuthorsPart I: Historical, Theoretical, and Philosophical Frameworks1. Historical Foundations of Addressing Need: Indigenous, French, and English TraditionsLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineIndigenous Helping and Healing Traditions- Indigenous Approaches to Holistic Helping and Healing- Helping and Healing from Generation to GenerationFrench Historical Foundations of Social Work- Poverty Relief and the Involvement of the Roman Catholic Church- Benevolent Societies and Other Ways of Helping- Myriad Approaches to Poverty ReliefEnglish Historical Foundations of Social Work- Early Approaches to Addressing the Needs of Vulnerable Populations- Social Reform Post-ConfederationWomen and PovertyMajor Social Legislation from the Depression OnwardsThe Development of Social Work as a ProfessionFrom All Our Histories to Today: A Vision of Contemporary Canadian Social WorkConclusionQuestions for Critical Thought2. Social Work TheoriesLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineTheory and Social Work: An Awkward and Unwanted Partnership?What Is Theory?Can One Theory Do It All?Ways of Seeing and Ways of Knowing: Power and Politics in Social Work TheoryTheoretical Perspectives- Ecosystem Theories- Onion-Peeling Theories- Faulty-Engine Theories- Story-Telling Theories- Mountain-Moving TheoriesConclusionQuestions for Critical Thought3. Ethics in Social WorkLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineWhy Are Ethics Important in Social Work?A Brief History of Ethics in Social Work- The Morality Period- The Values Period- The Ethical Theory and Decision-Making Period- The Ethical Standards and Risk Management PeriodThe Canadian Association of Social Workers' Code of Ethics- Code of Ethics Core Values- Strengths and Limitations of the CASW Code of EthicsAddressing Ethical Dilemmas: The Process of Reflexive Decision-Making- Describe the Case and Context- Define the Ethical Problem- Explore Values and Biases- Gather Information: Research, Theory, and the Code of Ethics- Explore OptionsEthical Social Work Practice and Self-CareConclusionQuestions for Critical ThoughtPart II: Foundational Skills for Social Workers4. Social Work with Individuals and FamiliesLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineHistorical Contexts of Social Work with Individuals and FamiliesPractice with Individuals and FamiliesCommunication Skills- Attending- Questioning- Reflecting- SummarizingThe Social Work Relationship- Care and Concern- Genuineness- Empathy- Collaboration- Self-Disclosure: A Contested Issue in Supporting the Development of Common Factors- Hope: A Neglected Common FactorOfficial Language Legislation and Social Services in CanadaPhases of the Helping Process- Phase I: Exploration/Assessment- Phase II: Contracting/Planning- Phase III: Implementation/Intervention- Phase IV: Ending/EvaluationThe Helping Process with Families- The GenogramConclusionQuestions for Critical Thought5. Social Work with Groups and CommunitiesLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineHistorical Contexts of Social Work with Groups and CommunitiesDifferent Forms of Social Work Groups- Treatment Groups- Task GroupsStages of Group DevelopmentGroup Leadership and FacilitationCommunity Social Work Practice- Community Practice FrameworksConclusionQuestions for Critical ThoughtPart III: Fields of Social Work Practice6. Social Work and HealthLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineEarly Health-Care ProvisionContemporary Approaches to Health-Care Provision- Report by the Commission of Inquiry into Health and Welfare (1970)- Canada Health Act (1984)- Romanow Report (2002)The Privatization of Health Services in CanadaSocial Work Practice in Health Care- Hospital-Based Social Work- Social Work and End-of-Life CareSocial Work and Mental Health CareSocial Determinants of Health in Canada- Income- Early Childhood and Adolescence- Unemployment and Working Conditions- Food Insecurity- Housing- Indigenous Status- Racialized Identity- Disability- Gender- Access to Health Services- Substance Use and Abuse- EducationConclusionQuestions for Critical Thought7. Social Work Practice with ChildrenLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineCanada's Children: Issues, Facts, and Figures- Child Poverty- Family Violence- Child MaltreatmentChanging Conceptions of Children in Canada: A History of Child Welfare- Stage One: Children as Objects: The Absence of Legal Rights and Protections- Stage Two: Children as Vulnerable Individuals in Need of Protection- Stage Three: Children as SubjectsThe Canadian Human Rights Tribunal on First Nations Child Welfare- Contemporary Child Welfare PracticeYouth Justice in Canada- Children as Objects: The Absence of Legal Protections- The Vulnerable Child and "Parens Patriae": The Introduction of the Juvenile Delinquents Act- Children as Subjects? The Clash Between "Rights" and "Accountability"- Youth Crime in Canada- Recent Reforms: Bill C-25 and Bill C-10- The Role of Social Workers in Youth JusticePreventive Social Work with ChildrenKey Challenges in Child Welfare and Youth Justice: Implications for Social WorkersConclusionQuestion for Critical Thought8. Indigenous Peoples and Social Work (by Cyndy Baskin and Alyssa McLeod)Learning ObjectivesChapter OutlineWho Are Indigenous Peoples?Since the Beginning of Time: Indigenous Ways of HelpingColonization: The Time of the Great Struggle- "Kill the Indian in the Child"- The Sixties ScoopContemporary Challenges in Indigenous CommunitiesContemporary Challenges in Urban SettingsDisappeared and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls- National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls- Walking with Our SistersSteps toward Healing- The Medicine Wheel as a Healing ToolIndigenous Worldviews in Social Work- Uniqueness of the Metis- Social Work Theories as Seen Through an Indigenous Lens- Challenges Facing Indigenous Social WorkersIndigenous Focused Social Work ProgramsBeing an Ally- Idle No More- The Eighth FireTruth and Reconciliation Commission of CanadaConclusionQuestions for Critical Thought9. Social Work with Immigrants and RefugeesLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineOverview of the Contemporary Canadian Migration Landscape- Who Are Today's Migrants?- Who Is Where? Migrant Countries of Origin and Settlement across Canada- The War in SyriaMigration Policy Overview- International-Level Policies- National-Level PoliciesTheoretical Approaches to Working with Migrant Populations- Ecological Systems Theory- Strengths and Empowerment Approaches- Integrating Culture into Practice Approaches- Stages of Migration FrameworkSettlement Issues Facing Migrants in Canada- Goals and Expectations- Employment and Education- Language- Health- Housing- Social SupportSettlement ServicesVulnerable Groups- Gender and Migration- Trafficking- Unaccompanied Minors- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Immigrants and Refugees- Refugee and Immigrant Older Adults- Migrants with Disabilities- Survivors of TortureConclusionQuestions for Critical Thought10. Social Work and Sexual and Gender Diversity (by Edward Ou Jin Lee and Shari Brotman)Learning ObjectivesChapter OutlineTaking Up Sexual and Gender Identity TermsOverview of the TSLGBTQ Human Rights Global and Canadian Landscape- Global ContextCanadian ContextViolence, Discrimination, and Stigma- Internalized Homophobia and TransphobiaIntersectionality as a Theoretical Framework- Intersectionality, Identity, and Social LocationDisclosure of Sexual and Gender Identity: Coming OutFamilies and Communities- Families- CommunitiesSocial Work Practice with TSLGBTQ People across Health-Care and Social Service Settings- Historical Dimensions- Social Dimensions- Access to Health Care for Specific TSLGBTQ Groups- Access to Social Services for TSLGBTQ PeopleBarriers to Access for TSLGBTQ Individuals across Health/Care and Social Service SettingsThe Continuum of Attitudes towards Sexual and Gender Difference in Health-Care and Social ServicesGuidelines for Social Workers to Foster Safe and Affirming Space for TSLGBTQ PeopleSocial Location and Institutional PowerCollective EmpowermentConclusionQuestions for Critical Thought11. Disability and Social Work Practice (by Carl Ernst and Radha MacCulloch)Learning ObjectivesChapter OutlineDefining Disability- What Is Disability? How Is Disability Defined in Canada?Theorizing Disability- The Medical Model of Disability- The Social Model of Disability- The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)Categorizing Disability- The Categorical or Diagnostic Approach- The Non-categorical or Functional ApproachPrevalence of Disability in CanadaHistory of Disability Policy in Canada- Early Beliefs about Individuals with Disabilities- Asylum, Confinement, and Institutionalization- De-institutionalization- Progress and Development of Disability Rights in CanadaSocial Work Practice with Individuals with a Disability- Health and Social Services for Individuals with Disabilities: Navigating the Systems of Care- Settings for Social Workers in a Disability Context- Promoting Inclusion: Roles for Social Workers in a Disability Context- Social Work Practice GuidelinesConclusionQuestions for Critical Thought12. Social Work with Aging PopulationsLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineOverview of Canada's Aging Population- Ethnic and Racial Diversity among Older Adults in Canada- Aging of Minority French-Speaking Canadians- Rural Aging- Mental Health and AgingTheorizing Aging- Micro Theories of Aging- Macro Theories of AgingPolicies that Have an Impact on Older Adults- Retirement Policies and Programs- Long-Term Care Policies and Programs- Elder Abuse: A Global Issue- Elder Abuse in Canada- Theorizing Elder Abuse- Social Location and Elder AbuseConclusionQuestions for Critical Thought13. International Social WorkLearning ObjectivesChapter OutlineWhy International Social Work?- Social Work beyond Borders: Historical Patterns of Expansion and the Canadian ConnectionDefining International Social Work: An Ongoing ChallengeInternational Social Welfare Organizations and Their Functions- The United Nations and Its Agencies- Government Agencies- Non-governmental Organizations- International Non-governmental Organizations- Faith-Based OrganizationsValues and Ethics in International Social Work- International Social Work Practice: Implications of the "Export Model"Social Work and International Issues: The Global Reality of Child Soldiers- Girls and War- The UN System- Non-governmental Organizations- Canadian Government Agencies- Canadian NGOs and AgenciesConclusionQuestions for Critical ThoughtAppendix: Code of Ethics, 2005GlossaryReferencesIndex