Introduction to Nanomedicine and Nanobioengineering

PARAS N. PRASAD, PHD, is the SUNY Distinguished Professor of Chemistry, Physics, Electrical Engineering, and Medicine; the Samuel P. Capen Chair of Chemistry; and the Executive Director of the Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics at the University at Buffalo. He was named among the top 50 science and technology leaders in the world by Scientific American in 2005. He has published 700 scientific and technical papers in high-impact journals, three monographs that practically defined the fields of organic nonlinear optics, biophotonics, and nanophotonics, eight edited books, and holds numerous patents. He is the recipient of many scientific awards and honors (Morley Medal; Schoellkopf Medal; Guggenheim Fellowship; Sloan Fellowship; Western New York Health Care Industries Technology/Discovery Award; Fellow of the APS, OSA, and SPIE). He is a pioneer in nanomedicine and nanobioengineering, and has been giving plenary, opening, and keynote lectures worldwide in this field.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Introduction 11.1. Nanomedicine: A Global Vision 11.2. The Nanotechnology Revolution: Realization of Asimov’s Fiction 31.3. Nanomedicine: A New Era in Personalized Medicine 71.4. Nanomedicine: A Promise or Reality? 91.5. A New Frontier: Multidisciplinary Challenges and Opportunities 101.6. Scope of the Book: Multidisciplinary Education, Training, and Research 12References 132 The Human Body 152.1. Introductory Concepts 162.2. Cellular Structure 182.3. Various Types of Cells 232.4. Biochemical Makeup of Cells 252.5. Other Important Cellular Components 292.6. Cellular Processes 302.7. Organization of Cells into Tissues 372.8. Types of Tissues and Their Functions 392.9. Various Organs and Organ Systems in the Body 402.10. Tumors and Cancers 45Highlights of the Chapter 46Exercises 48References 493 Nanocarriers 513.1. Nanocarriers: Delivering Payloads to Needed Sites 523.2. The Various Nanoformulations for Nanomedicine 533.3. Viruses as Nanocarriers 553.4. Polymeric Nanocarriers 563.5. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 583.6. Dendrimers 593.7. Carbon Nanostructures 613.8. Inorganic Nanoparticles 633.9. PEBBLE 653.10. Nanoclinics 663.11. Nanoplexes 683.12. New-Generation Nanocarriers 69Highlights of the Chapter 70Exercises 72References 734 Nanochemistry of Nanocarriers 774.1. Nanochemistry and Nanomedicine 784.2. Top-Down Approaches 784.2.1. Mechanical Milling 794.2.2. Dip-Pen Nanolithography 794.2.3. PRINT Process 814.2.4. Laser Ablation 814.3. Bottom-Up Approaches 834.3.1. Dendrimers 834.3.2. Microemulsion Chemistry 864.3.3. Hot-Colloidal Synthesis 874.3.4. Seed-Mediated Synthesis of Anisotropic Metallic Nanostructures 904.3.5. Reprecipitation Method 904.4. Combination of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches 924.5. Nanoparticle Surface Modifi cation 934.6. Functionalization and Bioconjugation 95Highlights of the Chapter 97Exercises 99References 1005 Multifunctionalities for Diagnostics and Therapy 1035.1. The Various Functionalities 1045.2. Optical Functionalities 1055.3. Optical Nanoprobes 1105.4. Magnetic Functionality 1165.5. Thermal Functionality 1205.6. Radioactive Functionality 1215.7. Biological Functionality 1245.8. Multifunctionality 125Highlights of the Chapter 128Exercises 130References 1316 Crossing the Biological Barriers 1356.1. Various Delivery Pathways 1356.2. Various Biological Barriers 1376.3. Stealth Nanoparticles 1406.4. The Various In Vitro Barrier Models 141Highlights of the Chapter 144Exercises 145References 1467 Biotargeting 1497.1. Biotargeting: Why We Need It 1497.2. Targeted Biological Sites 1507.3. Intracellular Uptake 1517.4. Targeting Strategies 1537.5. Targeting Groups 155Highlights of the Chapter 159Exercises 160References 1618 Multimodal Biomedical Imaging 1638.1. Biomedical Imaging Techniques 1648.2. Optical Bioimaging 1708.2.1. Fluorescence Microscopy 1708.2.2. Quantitative FRET Microscopy 1728.2.3. Technical Challenges for In Vitro Imaging 1758.2.4. In Vivo Optical Imaging 1778.2.5. Optical Coherence Tomography 1778.2.6. Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy 1818.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1858.4. X-Ray CT Imaging 1888.5. Radio Imaging 1908.6. Ultrasound Imaging 1908.7. Photoacoustic Imaging 1918.8. Multimodal Imaging 192Highlights of the Chapter 193Exercises 200References 2019 Biosensing 2079.1. Principles of Biosensing 2089.2. Optical Biosensors 2119.2.1. Fluorescencs Sensors 2119.2.2. Plasmonic Sensors 2189.2.3. Photonic Crystal Sensors 2279.3. Magnetic Biosensors 2289.4. Electrical Biosensing 2349.5. Electrochemical Biosensing 2369.6. Electrochemiluminescence Biosensing 2389.7. In Vivo Bioelectronic Sensors 239Highlights of the Chapter 241Exercises 245References 24710 High-Throughput Multiplexed Diagnostics 25310.1. Comprehensive Diagnostic Strategy 25410.2. Flow Cytometry 25510.3. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 26410.4. Microarrays Technology 26910.5. Suspension Bead Assay 277Highlights of the Chapter 281Exercises 285References 28611 Nanopharmacotherapy 29111.1. Nanopharmacotherapy: An Overview 29211.2. Modes of Nanoformulation for Nanopharmacotherapy 29411.3. Pharmacokinetics 29611.4. Biodistribution 29711.5. Pharmacodynamics 29811.6. Controlled Release by External Activation 299Highlights of the Chapter 300Exercises 302References 30312 The Human Circulatory System and Theranostics 30512.1. Blood Fluidics and Cardiovascular System 30612.2. Circulatory-System-Based Disease Profi ling 30912.3. Methods to Monitor Blood Flow 31212.4. Therapeutic Approaches Utilizing Manipulation of Blood Flow 31812.5. Lymph Node Mapping 32012.6. Lymphatic Drug Delivery 322Highlights of the Chapter 322Exercises 326References 32713 Nanotechnology for Cancer 33113.1. Benefits of Cancer Nanotechnology 33213.2. Chemotherapy 33513.3. Cancer Gene Therapy 33913.4. Photodynamic Therapy 34013.5. Magnetic Therapy 34913.6. Photothermal Therapy 35313.7. Neutron Capture Therapy 35713.8. Circulating Tumor Cells 35913.9. NCI Alliance for Cancer Nanotechnology 360Highlights of the Chapter 360Exercises 362References 36414 Gene Therapy 37114.1. The Principles, Steps, and Impact of Gene Therapy 37214.2. Methods of Gene Delivery 37414.3. Gene Augmentation Therapy 38114.4. Gene Silencing Therapy 38114.5. Indirect Gene Therapy Modulating Innate Immune Response 38414.6. Transmucosal Gene Delivery 385Highlights of the Chapter 386Exercises 388References 39015 Nanotechnology for Infectious Diseases 39315.1. Pathogen Infections and Nanoparticle-Based Approaches 39415.2. HIV 40115.2.1. Diagnosis 40215.2.2. Vaccines and Antimicrobial Drugs 40415.2.3. Therapy 40515.3. Influenza 40815.3.1. Diagnosis 40815.3.2. Vaccines 40915.3.3. Therapy 40915.4. Tuberculosis 41015.4.1. Diagnosis 41015.4.2. TB Vaccine 41215.4.3. Therapy 41215.5. Malaria 41615.5.1. Vaccines 41815.5.2. Therapy 420Highlights of the Chapter 422Exercises 424References 42616 Rejuvenation Therapy 43316.1. Rejuvenation Therapy: Fantasy or Reality? 43316.2. Free Radical Scavenging 43616.3. Chelation Therapy 43916.4. Hormone Therapy 441Highlights of the Chapter 442Exercises 443References 44417 Stem Cell Biotechnology 44717.1. Stem Cell Biotechnology: Overview 44817.2. Cell Reprogramming 44917.3. Gene Transfection 45217.4. Somatic Cell Transdifferentiation 45317.5. Stem Cell Sorting 45417.6. Stem Cell Tracking 454Highlights of the Chapter 456Exercises 456References 45718 Tissue Engineering 46118.1. Tissue Engineering: Overview 46218.2. Tissue Regeneration 46418.3. Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering 46718.4. Nanofi bers for Tissue Engineering 47218.5. Nanoparticle Delivery of Biomolecules 47318.6. Magnetically Assisted Tissue Engineering 47418.7. Tissue/Organ Printing 47518.8. Tissue Bonding 477Highlights of the Chapter 479Exercises 482References 48419 Nanodermatology and Nanocosmetics 48719.1. Delivery Through Skin 48719.2. Skin Care and Nanotechnology 48819.3. Various Nanoparticles for Dermatology and Cosmetics 49119.4. Nanodermatology 49219.5. Nanocosmetics 49419.6. Nanotoxicology of the Skin 497Highlights of the Chapter 497Exercises 498References 49920 Nanodentistry 50320.1. Nanotechnology for Dental Care 50420.2. Nanoparticles for Preventive Dentistry 50720.3. Nanomaterials for Restorative Dentistry 50920.4. Regenerative Dentistry 51620.5. Nanoparticle-Enhanced Dental Imaging and Oral Diagnostics 51920.6. Nanorobotics for Dentistry 522Highlights of the Chapter 522Exercises 524References 52521 Nanotoxicity 52921.1. Toxicity of Nanoparticles 52921.2. Cytotoxicity 53321.3. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays 53521.4. In Vivo Toxicity 53921.5. In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation 54221.6. Nanotoxicity Studies on Selected Nanoparticles 542Highlights of the Chapter 547Exercises 550References 551Index 555

“This volume is most handy for those in the physics, chemistry, or materials science fields who are interested in biomedical applications of nanotechnology; it would also be useful for those in the biological or medical fields who are interested in learning how nanotechnology would be beneficial to their research.  Summing Up: Recommended.  Upper-division undergraduates and above.”  (Choice, 1 January 2013)