Introduction to Electric Circuits, International Adaptation

James A. Svoboda is an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at Clarkson University, where he teaches courses on topics such as circuits, electronics, and computer programming. He earned a PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin at Madison, an MS from the University of Colorado, and a BS from General Motors Institute. Sophomore Circuits is one of Professor Svoboda's favorite courses. He has taught this course to 6,500 undergraduates at Clarkson University over the past 35 years. In 1986, he received Clarkson University's Distinguished Teaching Award.Professor Svoboda has written several research papers describing the advantages of using nullors to model electric circuits for computer analysis. He is interested in the way technology affects engineering education and has developed several software packages for use in Sophomore Circuits.Richard C. Dorf, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Davis, teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control systems. He earned a PhD in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, an MS from the University of Colorado, and a BS from Clarkson University. Highly concerned with the discipline of electrical engineering and its wide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured internationally on the contributions and advances in electrical engineering.Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active in the fields of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a visiting professor at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and the University of California at Berkeley.A Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers and the American Society for Engineering Education, Dr. Dorf is widely known to the profession for his Modern Control Systems, twelfth edition (Pearson, 2011) and The International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley, 1988). Dr. Dorf is also the coauthor of Circuits, Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), fifth edition (Wiley, 1992). Dr. Dorf edited the widely used Electrical Engineering Handbook, third edition (CRC Press and IEEE press), published in 2011. He has also worked for Technology Ventures, fourth edition, (McGraw-Hill), published in 2013.

• Chapter 1 Electric Circuit Variables 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Electric Circuits and Current 11.3 Systems of Units 51.4 Voltage 71.5 Power and Energy 71.6 Circuit Analysis and Design 111.7 How Can We Check ? 131.8 Design Example—Jet Valve Controller 141.9 Summary 15Problems 15Design Problems 19Chapter 2 Circuit Elements 202.1 Introduction 202.2 Engineering and Linear Models 202.3 Active and Passive Circuit Elements 232.4 Resistors 252.5 Independent Sources 282.6 Voltmeters and Ammeters. 302.7 Dependent Sources 332.8 Resistive Transducers 372.9 Switches 412.10 How Can We Check ? 432.11 Design Example—Temperature Sensor 442.12 Summary 46Problems 47Design Problems 55Chapter 3 Resistive Circuits 563.1 Introduction 563.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws 573.3 Series Resistors and Voltage Division 663.4 Parallel Resistors and Current Division 713.5 Series Voltage Sources and Parallel Current Sources 773.6 Circuit Analysis 813.7 Analyzing Resistive Circuits Using MATLAB 863.8 How Can We Check ?. 893.9 Design Example—Adjustable Voltage Source 913.10 Summary 94Problems 95Design Problems 112Chapter 4 Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits 1164.1 Introduction 1164.2 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current Sources 1174.3 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current and Voltage Sources 1234.4 Node Voltage Analysis with Dependent Sources 1284.5 Mesh Current Analysis with Independent Voltage Sources 1304.6 Mesh Current Analysis with Current and Voltage Sources 1354.7 Mesh Current Analysis with Dependent Sources 1394.8 The Node Voltage Method and Mesh Current Method Compared 1414.9 Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB 1444.10 Using PSpice to Determine Node Voltages and Mesh Currents 1464.11 How Can We Check ?. 1484.12 Design Example—Potentiometer Angle Display 1514.13 Summary 154Problems 155PSpice Problems 167Design Problems 167Chapter 5 Circuit Theorems 1695.1 Introduction 1695.2 Source Transformations 1695.3 Superposition 1765.4 Thévenin’s Theorem 1805.5 Norton’s Equivalent Circuit 1875.6 Maximum Power Transfer 1915.7 Using MATLAB to Determine the Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 1945.8 Using PSpice to Determine the Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 1975.9 How Can We Check ? 2005.10 Design Example—Strain Gauge Bridge 2015.11 Summary 203Problems 204PSpice Problems 214Design Problems 215Chapter 6 The Operational Amplifier 2196.1 Introduction 2196.2 The Operational Amplifier 2196.3 The Ideal Operational Amplifier 2216.4 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers 2236.5 Design Using Operational Amplifiers 2286.6 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations 2336.7 Characteristics of Practical Operational Amplifiers 2386.8 Analysis of Op Amp Circuits Using MATLAB 2456.9 Using PSpice to Analyze Op Amp Circuits 2476.10 How Can We Check ?. 2486.11 Design Example—Transducer Interface Circuit 2506.12 Summary 252Problems 252PSpice Problems 263Design Problems 264Chapter 7 Energy Storage Elements 2657.1 Introduction 2657.2 Capacitors 2667.3 Energy Storage in a Capacitor 2737.4 Series and Parallel Capacitors 2767.5 Inductors 2787.6 Energy Storage in an Inductor 2837.7 Series and Parallel Inductors. 2857.8 Initial Conditions of Switched Circuits 2867.9 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Differential Equations 2907.10 Using MATLAB to Plot Capacitor or Inductor Voltage and Current 2967.11 How Can We Check ?. 2987.12 Design Example—Integrator for Battery Charge Estimation 2997.13 Summary 302Problems 303Design Problems 315Chapter 8 The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits 3178.1 Introduction 3178.2 First-Order Circuits 3178.3 The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Constant Input 3208.4 Sequential Switching 3338.5 Stability of First-Order Circuits 3358.6 The Unit Step Source 3378.7 The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source 3418.8 Differential Operators 3468.9 Using PSpice to Analyze First-Order Circuits 3478.10 How Can We Check ?. 3508.11 Design Example—A Computer and Printer 3548.12 Summary 356Problems 358PSpice Problems 368Design Problems 369Chapter 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements 3709.1 Introduction 3709.2 Differential Equation for Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements 3719.3 Solution of the Second-Order Differential Equation—The Natural Response 3759.4 Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit 3779.5 Natural Response of the Critically Damped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit 3809.6 Natural Response of an Underdamped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit 3819.7 Forced Response of an RLC Circuit 3849.8 Complete Response of an RLC Circuit 3879.9 State Variable Approach to Circuit Analysis 3909.10 Roots in the Complex Plane 3959.11 How Can We Check ?. 3969.12 Design Example—Auto Airbag Igniter 3989.13 Summary 400Problems 402PSpice Problems 411Design Problems 412Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 41410.1 Introduction 41410.2 Sinusoidal Sources 41510.3 Phasors and Sinusoids 41910.4 Impedances 42410.5 Series and Parallel Impedances 43010.6 Mesh and Node Equations 43610.7 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 44410.8 Superposition 44810.9 Phasor Diagrams 45110.10 Op Amps in AC Circuits 45210.11 The Complete Response 45410.12 Using MATLAB to Analyze AC Circuits 46110.13 Using PSpice to Analyze AC Circuits 46310.14 How Can We Check ? 46510.15 Design Example—An Op Amp Circuit 46810.16 Summary 470Problems 471PSpice Problems 486Design Problems 488Chapter 11 AC Steady-State Power 48911.1 Introduction 48911.2 Electric Power 48911.3 Instantaneous Power and Average Power 49011.4 Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform 49411.5 Complex Power 49711.6 Power Factor 50411.7 The Power Superposition Principle 51211.8 The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 51511.9 Coupled Inductors 51611.10 The Ideal Transformer 52411.11 How Can We Check ? 53111.12 Design Example—Maximum Power Transfer 53211.13 Summary 534Problems 536PSpice Problems 549Design Problems 550Chapter 12 Three-Phase Circuits 55112.1 Introduction 55112.2 Three-Phase Voltages 55212.3 The Y-to-Y Circuit 55512.4 The Δ-Connected Source and Load 56412.5 The Y-to-Δ Circuit 56612.6 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 56812.7 Instantaneous and Average Power in a Balanced Three-Phase Load 57112.8 Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement 57412.9 How Can We Check ? 57712.10 Design Example—Power Factor Correction 58012.11 Summary 582Problems 582PSpice Problems 587Design Problems 587Chapter 13 Frequency Response 58813.1 Introduction 58813.2 Gain, Phase Shift, and the Network Function 58813.3 Bode Plots 60013.4 Resonant Circuits 61713.5 Frequency Response of Op Amp Circuits 62413.6 Plotting Bode Plots Using MATLAB 62613.7 Using PSpice to Plot a Frequency Response 62813.8 How Can We Check ? 63013.9 Design Example—Radio Tuner 63413.10 Summary 636Problems 637PSpice Problems 648Design Problems 651Chapter 14 The Laplace Transform 65314.1 Introduction 65314.2 Laplace Transform 65414.3 Pulse Inputs 66014.4 Inverse Laplace Transform 66314.5 Initial and Final Value Theorems 67014.6 Solution of Differential Equations Describing a Circuit 67214.7 Circuit Analysis Using Impedance and Initial Conditions 67414.8 Transfer Function and Impedance 68414.9 Convolution 69014.10 Stability 69414.11 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB 69714.12 How Can We Check ? 70214.13 Design Example—Space Shuttle Cargo Door 70414.14 Summary 707Problems 708PSpice Problems 720Design Problems 721Chapter 15 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform 72315.1 Introduction 72315.2 The Fourier Series 72415.3 Symmetry of the Function f (t) 73215.4 Fourier Series of Selected Waveforms 73715.5 Exponential Form of the Fourier Series 73915.6 The Fourier Spectrum 74715.7 Circuits and Fourier Series 75115.8 Using PSpice to Determine the Fourier Series 75415.9 The Fourier Transform 75915.10 Fourier Transform Properties 76215.11 The Spectrum of Signals 76615.12 Convolution and Circuit Response 76715.13 The Fourier Transform and the Laplace Transform 77015.14 How Can We Check ? 77215.15 Design Example—DC Power Supply 77415.16 Summary 777Problems 778PSpice Problems 784Design Problems 784Chapter 16 Filter Circuits 78516.1 Introduction 78516.2 The Electric Filter 78516.3 Filters 78616.4 Second-Order Filters 78916.5 High-Order Filters 79716.6 Simulating Filter Circuits Using PSpice 80316.7 How Can We Check ?. 80716.8 Design Example—Anti-Aliasing Filter 80916.9 Summary 812Problems 812PSpice Problems 817Design Problems 820Chapter 17 Two-Port and Three-Port Networks 82117.1 Introduction 82117.2 T-to-ΠTransformation and Two-Port Three-Terminal Networks 82217.3 Equations of Two-Port Networks 82417.4 Zand YParameters for a Circuit with Dependent Sources 82717.5 Hybrid and Transmission Parameters 82917.6 Relationships Between Two-Port Parameters 83117.7 Interconnection of Two-Port Networks 83317.8 How Can We Check ?. 83617.9 Design Example—Transistor Amplifier 83717.10 Summary 839Problems 840Design Problems 843Appendix A Getting Started with PSpice 845Appendix B MATLAB, Matrices, and Complex Arithmetic 853Appendix C Mathematical Formulas 865Appendix D Resistor Specifications and Monte Carlo Analysis 869References 873Index 875