Introduction to Criminology

Anthony Walsh received his Ph.D. from Bowling Green State University and is a professor of criminology at Boise State University. His special interests include the biological bases of human behavior, and his primary interests are criminology, statistics, and criminal justice assessment and counseling. He is the author of 14 books, including Biosocial Criminology (Anderson, 2002) and with Lee Ellis, Criminology: A Global Perspective (Allyn & Bacon, 2000). He has also authored numerous journal articles, presented papers at international criminology meetings, and is the consulting editor for both the Journal of Genetic Psychology and the Quarterly Journal of Ideology. Craig Hemmens holds a J.D. from North Carolina Central University School of Law and a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice from Sam Houston State University. He is the Director of the Honors College and a Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Boise State University, where he has taught since 1996. He has previously served as Academic Director of the Paralegal Studies Program and Chair of the Department of Criminal Justice. Professor Hemmens has published ten books and more than one hundred articles on a variety of criminal justice-related topics. His primary research interests are criminal law and procedure and corrections. He has served as the editor of the Journal of Criminal Justice Education. His publications have appeared in Justice Quarterly, the Journal of Criminal Justice, Crime and Delinquency, the Criminal Law Bulletin, and the Prison Journal.

• SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF CRIME AND CRIMINOLOGY Introduction What is Criminology What is Crime? Crime as a Moving Target Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes Criminality A Short History of Criminology The Role of Theory in Criminology A Brief Word About the Section Readings, Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary How to Read a Research Article Readings The Use and Usefulness of Criminology, 1751-2005: Enlightened Justice and Its Failures by Lawrence Sherman SECTION TWO: MEASURING CRIME AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Introduction Categorizing and Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior The Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially NIBRS: The "New and Improved" UCR Crime Victimization Survey Data and Their Problems Areas of Agreement Between the UCR and NCVS Self-Reported Crime Surveys and Their Problems What Can We Conclude About the Three Main Measures of Crime in America? Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Gender Gap Trends for Violent Crimes, 1980 to 2003: A UCR-NCVS Comparison by Darrel Steffensmeier, et. al. Race and the Probability of Arrest by Stewart D'Alessio and Lisa Stolzenberg Methamphetamine Use, Self-Reported Violent Crime, and Recidivism Among Offenders in California Who Abuse Substances by Jerome Cartier, et. al. SECTION THREE: THE EARLY SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY AND MODERN COUNTERPARTS Introduction The Classical School The Rise of Positivism? Neoclassicism: Rational Choice Theory Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremy Bentham A Crying Shame: The Over-Rationalized Conception of Man in the Rational Choice Perspective The Economics of Crime by Gary S. Becker SECTION FOUR: SOCIAL STRUCTURAL THEORIES Introduction The Social Structural Tradition The Chicago School of Ecology The Anomie/Strain Tradition Subcultural Theories Walter Miller's Focal Concerns Gangs Today Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Structural Theories Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Community Correlates of Rural Youth Violence by D. Wayne Osgood and Jeff M. Chambers Social Structure and Anomie by Robert K. Merton Gangs and Social Change by Martin Sanchez-Jankowski SECTION FIVE: SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES Introduction Differential Association Theory Ronald Akers' Social Learning Theory Social Control Theories Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control Theory Labeling Theory: The Irony of Social Reaction Sykes and Matza's Neutralization Theory Evaluation of Social Process Theories Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Social Learning Theory by Ronald L. Akers The Nature of Criminality: Low Self-Control by Michael R Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi Social Control in China: Applications of the Labeling Theory and the Reintegrative Shaming Theory by Xiaoming Chen Gender and Crime Among Felony Offenders: Assessing the Generality of Social Control and Differential Association Theories by Leanne Fiftal Alarid, et. al. SECTION SIX: CRITICAL THEORIES: MARXIST, CONFLICT, AND FEMINIST Introduction The Conflict Perspective of Society Karl Marx and Revolution Willem Bonger: The First Marxist Criminologist Modern Marxist Criminology Conflict Theory: Max Weber, Power, and Conflict Situating Conflict Theory in Relation to Marxist and Labeling Theory Peacemaking Criminology Feminist Criminology Anne Campbell's Staying Alive Hypothesis Evaluation of Critical Theories Policy and Prevention: Implications of Critical Theories Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Marx, Engels, and Bonger on Crime and Social Control by Ian Taylor, et. al. Crime, Punishment, and the American Dream: Toward a Marxist Integration by Barbara A. Sims Patriarchy, Crime, and Justice: Feminist Criminology in an Era of Backlash by Meda Chesney-Lind SECTION SEVEN: PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES: INDIVIDUAL TRAITS AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Introduction The IQ/Crime Connection Temperament and Personality Conscience and Arousal Glen Walters's Lifestyle Theory The Antisocial Personalities Evaluation of the Psychosocial Perspective Policy and Prevention: Implications of Psychosocial Theories Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Feeble-Mindedness by H. H. Goddard Temperament, Environment, and Antisocial Behavior in a Population Sample of Preadolescent Boys and Girls by Rene Veenstra, et. al. Psychopathy: Theory, Measurement, and Treatment by Ahn Vien and Anthony R. Beech SECTION EIGHT: BIOSOCIAL APPROACHES Introduction Behavior Genetics Gene/Environment Interaction and Correlation Behavior Genetics and Criminal Behavior Evolutionary Psychology The Evolution of Criminal Traits The Neurosciences Reward Dominance and Prefrontal Dysfunction Theories Evaluation of the Biosocial Perspective Policy and Prevention: Implications of Biosocial Theories Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Behavior Genetics and Anomie/Strain Theory by Anthony Walsh Neuroimaging Studies of Aggressive and Violent Behavior: Current Findings and Implications for Criminology and Criminal Justice by Jana L. Bufkin and Vickie R. Luttrell A Theory Explaining Biological Correlates of Criminality by Lee Ellis SECTION NINE: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to Crime to Desistance Introduction Risk and Protective Factors for Serious Delinquency Major Developmental Theories Evaluation of Developmental Theories Policy and Prevention: Implications of Developmental Theories Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Reactive Versus Proactive Antisocial Behavior: Differential Correlates of Child ADHD Symptoms? by David Bennett, et. al. The Adolescence-Limited/Life-Course Persistent Theory Antisocial Behavior: What Have We Learned? by Terrie E. Moffitt and Anthony Walsh Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency by Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck A Life-Course View of the Development of Crime by Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub SECTION TEN: VIOLENT CRIMES Introduction Murder Forcible Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Mass, Spree, and Serial Murder A Typology of Serial Killers What Causes Serial Killing? Terrorism Domestic Violence Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Stick-Up, Street Culture, and Offender Motivation by Bruce A. Jacobs and Richard Wright African Americans and Serial Killing in the Media: The Myth and the Reality by Anthony Walsh The Terrorist Mind I: A Psychological and Political Analysis by Laurence Miller SECTION ELEVEN: PROPERTY CRIME Introduction Larceny/Theft Burglary Motor Vehicle Theft Arson Crimes of Guile and Deceit: Embezzlement, Fraud, and Forgery/Counterfeiting Cybercrime: Oh What a Tangled World Wide Web We Weave Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Sneaky Thrills by Jack Katz Searching a Dwelling: Deterrence and the Undeterred Residential Burglar by Richard Wright The Novelty of "Cybercrime": An Assessment in Light of Routine Activity Theory by Majid Yar SECTION TWELVE: PUBLIC ORDER CRIME Introduction The Scope of the Alcohol/Crime Problem The Effects of Alcohol and Context on Behavior Alcoholism: Type I and Type II Illegal Drugs and Crime Prostitution and Commercialized Vice Driving Under the Influence Gambling Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Alcohol Problems and the Differentiation of Partner, Stranger, and General Violence by Rosemary Cogan and Bud C. Ballinger III The Association Between Multiple Drug Misuse and Crime by Trevor Bennett and Katy Holloway Juveniles' Motivations for Remaining in Prostitution bv Shu-ling Hwang and Olwen Bedford SECTION THIRTEEN: WHITE-COLLAR AND ORGANIZED CRIME Introduction The Concept of White-Collar Crime Occupational Crime Causes of Occupational White-Collar Crime: Are They Different? Corporate Crime Organized Crime Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings Criminal Thinking and Identity in Male White-Collar Offenders by Glen D. Walters and Matthew D. Geyer The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders? by Jay S. Albanese State Failure, Economic Failure, and Predatory Organized Crime: A Comparative Analysis by Hung-En Sung SECTION FOURTEEN: VICTIMOLOGY: EXPLORING THE VICTIMIZATION EXPERIENCE Introduction The Emergence of Victimology Who Gets Victimized? Victimization in the Workplace and School Child Molestation: Who Gets Victimized? Victimization Theories Is Victimology "Blaming the Victim?" The Consequences of Victimization Victimization and the Criminal Justice System Summary, Exercises and Discussion Questions, Useful Web Sites, Chapter Glossary Readings The Criminal and His Victim by Hans von Hentig Violent Victimization as a Risk Factor for Violent Offending Among Juveniles by Jennifer N. Shaffer and R. Barry Ruback Victimological Developments in the World During the Past Three Decades (I): A Study of Comparative Victimology by Hans Joachim Schneider Victimological Developments in the World During the Past Three Decades (II): A Study of Comparative Victimology by Hans Joachim Schneider

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