Introduction to Communication Sciences and Disorders

Gary Weismer, PhD, is Oros-Bascom Professor Emeritus in the Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Pennsylvania State University and his doctorate from University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1975. Dr. Weismer's research publications concern speech production in healthy talkers, as well as speech production and intelligibility phenomena in persons with motor speech disorders. Dr. Weismer served twice as Associate Editor for the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (formerly the Journal of Speech and Hearing Research), as Associate Editor at Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica (FPL) from 1994 to 2011, and as Editor-in-Chief at FPL from 2011 to 2016. During his 35 years at University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dr. Weismer won several teaching awards, including for mentoring efforts in the University of Wisconsin-Madison Honors program. Dr. Weismer mentored 16 doctoral students during his career, many of whom are currently scientific leaders and university administrators. He is a past member of the Executive Board of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, and past chair of his department. His research was supported by National Institutes of Health for more than 25 years.David K. Brown, PhD, has been Professor in the School of Audiology at Pacific University since it enrolled its first students in 2012. He is also the Director of the Audiology Simulation Lab (SIMLab) at Pacific. Previously, he was Director of Audiological Research for Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Assistant Professor in the Departments of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences and Disorders, where he is still an adjunct professor. For over 30 years, he has been a licensed and certified audiologist specializing in pediatrics. He teaches in the areas of acoustics, anatomy and physiology, cochlear implants, evoked potentials, otoacoustic emissions, pediatrics, and research fundamentals.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsReviewersChapter 1. Introduction to Communication Sciences and DisordersIntroduction: Communication Sciences and Disorders as a DisciplineCommunication Sciences and Disorders: The Whole is Greater than the Sum of Its PartsAn Interdisciplinary FieldTranslational ResearchDoes the Basic Science Work? Does the Clinic Work?Evidence Based PracticeA Typical Undergraduate CurriculumWho are the Professionals in Communication Sciences and Disorders?Preparation for, and the Profession of, Speech-Language PathologyPreparation for, and the Profession of, AudiologyOrder of Chapters in the TextChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 2. The Nervous System: Language, Speech, and Hearing Structures and ProcessesIntroductionCentral and Peripheral Nervous SystemsThe NeuronThe SynapseTour of Gross NeuroanatomyFrontal LobeOccipital LobeTemporal LobeParietal LobeHidden CortexSubcortical NucleiBrain Stem, Cerebellum, and Spinal CordThe Auditory PathwaysThe Dominant Hemisphere and the Perisylvian Language AreasArcuate Fasciculus (Dorsal Stream) and Ventral StreamFunctional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) and Speech and Language Brain ActivityFunctional MRI (fMRI)Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)Chapter SummaryReferencesChapter 3. Language ScienceIntroductionWhat is Language?Language: A Conventional SystemLanguage: A Dynamic SystemLanguage is GenerativeLanguage Uses Mental RepresentationsLanguage is Localized in the BrainComponents of LanguageFormSocial Use of Language (Pragmatics)Language and Cognitive ProcessesWhyHowWhenHow do We Know the "How"?Chapter SummaryReferencesChapter 4. Communication in a Multicultural SocietyIntroductionWhy It MattersAccent, Dialect, and CultureBilingualism and MultilingualismChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 5. Preverbal Foundations of Speech and Language DevelopmentIntroductionSome Preparatory Notes on Developmental Chronologies0-3 Months: Production0-3 Months: Perception and Comprehension3-8 Months: Production3-8 Months: Perception and Comprehension8-12 Months: Production8-12 Months: Perception and ComprehensionGesture and Preverbal Language DevelopmentChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 6. Typical Language DevelopmentIntroduction12-18 Months18-24 MonthsThree Years (36 Months)Multiword Utterances, Grammatical MorphologyExpanding Utterance Length: A Measure of Linguistic SophisticationGrammatical MorphologyTypical Language Development in School YearsMetalinguistic SkillsPragmatic Skill: DiscourseComplex SentencesSample TranscriptChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 7. Pediatric Language Disorders IIntroductionSpecific Language Impairment/Developmental Language DisorderLanguage Characteristics of Children with SLI/DLDSummary of the Language Disorder in SLI/DLDTheories of SLI/DLD: What Causes the Disorder?The Role of Genetics in SLI/DLDLanguage Delay and Autism Spectrum DisorderLanguage Characteristics in ASDLanguage Delay and Hearing ImpairmentEpidemiology of Hearing LossLanguage Characteristics in Hearing ImpairmentSpeech and Language Development and Hearing ImpairmentChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 8. Pediatric Language Disorders IIIntroductionCriteria for a Diagnosis of Intellectual DisabilityDown Syndrome (DS): General CharacteristicsEpidemiology and the DS PhenotypeLanguage Characteristics in DSFragile X Syndrome (FXS): General CharacteristicsEpidemiology of FXSLanguage Characteristics in FXSChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 9. Language Disorders in AdultsIntroductionReview of Concepts for Brain Speech Structure and Function for Speech, Language and HearingCerebral HemispheresLateralization of Speech and Language FunctionsLanguage Expression and Comprehension are Represented in Different Cortical Regions of the Left HemisphereConnections Between Different Regions of the BrainPerisylvian Speech and Language Areas of the BrainAdult Language Disorders: AphasiaClassification of AphasiaAphasia Due to Stroke: A SummaryTraumatic Brain Injury and AphasiaNature of Brain Injury in TBILanguage Impairment in TBIDementiaBrain Pathology in DementiaLanguage Disorders in DementiaChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 10. Speech Science IIntroductionThe Speech Mechanism: A Three-Component DescriptionRespiratory System Component (Power Supply for Speech): Functional Anatomy and PhysiologyThe Chest Wall and Vegetative BreathingSpeech BreathingClinical Applications: An ExampleThe Larynx (Sound Source for Speech): Functional Anatomy and PhysiologyLaryngeal CartilagesLaryngeal Muscles and MembranesPhonationClinical Applications: An ExampleUpper Airway (Shaper of Speech Sounds): Functional Anatomy and PhysiologyMuscles of the Vocal TractVocal Tract Shape and Vocalic ProductionVelopharyngeal MechanismValving in the Vocal Tract and the Formation of Speech SoundsVoicing Contrasts for ConsonantsCoarticulationClinical Applications: An ExampleChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 11. Speech Science II IntroductionThe Theory of Speech AcousticsThe Sound SourceThe Sound FilterVowel Sounds Result from the Combination of Source and Filter AcousticsResonant Frequencies of Vowels are Called Formants: SpectrogramsThe Tube Model of Human Vocal Tract Makes Interesting Predictions and Suggests Interesting ProblemsA Spectrogram Shows Formant Frequencies and Much MoreSpeech SynthesisSpeech RecognitionSpeech Acoustics and Assistive Listening DevicesSpeech PerceptionThe Perception of Speech: Special Mechanisms?The Perception of Speech: Auditory TheoriesMotor Theory and Auditory Theory: A SummaryTop-Down Influences: It's Not All About Speech SoundsSpeech IntelligibilityChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 12. PhoneticsIntroductionInternational Phonetic AlphabetVowels and their Phonetic SymbolsConsonants and their Phonetic SymbolsClinical Implications of Phonetic TranscriptionChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 13. Typical Phonological DevelopmentIntroductionPhonetic and Phonological Development: General ConsiderationsPhonetic and Phonological DevelopmentPhonetic DevelopmentPhonological DevelopmentTypical Speech Sound DevelopmentDetermination of Speech Sound Mastery in Typically-Developing ChildrenPossible Explanations for the Typical Sequence of Speech Sound MasteryPhonological Processes and Speech Sound DevelopmentPhonological Development and Word LearningChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 14. Motor Speech Disorders in Adults IntroductionClassification of Motor Speech DisordersDysarthriaSubtypes of DysarthriaThe Mayo Clinic Classification System for Motor Speech DisordersThe Dysarthrias: A SummaryApraxia of SpeechChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 15. Pediatric Speech Disorders IIntroductionSpeech DelayDiagnosis of Speech DelayQuantitative Measures of Speech Delay and Speech IntelligibilitySpeech Delay: Phonetic, Phonological, or Both?Additional Considerations in Speech Delay and Residual and Persistent Speech Sound ErrorsSpeech Delay and GeneticsChildhood Apraxia of SpeechCAS Compared with Adult Apraxia of SpeechCAS: Prevalence and General CharacteristicsCAS: Speech CharacteristicsCAS and Overlap with Other Developmental DelaysCAS and GeneticsChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 16. Pediatric Speech Disorders IIIntroductionChildhood Motor Speech Disorders: Cerebral PalsyTypes of Cerebral PalsyDysarthria in Cerebral PalsyChildhood Motor Speech Disorders: Traumatic Brain Injury and TumorsTraumatic Brain InjuryBrain TumorsTreatment Options and ConsiderationsChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 17. Fluency DisordersIntroductionIncidence and Prevalence of StutteringGenetic StudiesDiagnosis of Developmental StutteringThe Natural History of Developmental StutteringStage I: Typical DysfluenciesStage II: Borderline StutteringStage III: Beginning StutteringStage IV: Intermediate StutteringStage V: Advanced StutteringRecovery of FluencyPossible Causes of StutteringPsychogenic TheoriesLearning TheoriesBiological TheoriesAcquired (Neurogenic) StutteringSymptoms of Neurogenic Stuttering Compared with Developmental StutteringTreatment ConsiderationsChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 18. Voice Disorders IntroductionEpidemiology of Voice DisordersInitial Steps in the Diagnosis of Voice DisordersCase HistoryPerceptual Evaluation of the VoiceViewing the Vocal FoldsMeasurement of Basic Voice ParametersClassification/Types of Voice DisordersThe Hypo-Hyperfunction ContinuumPhonotraumaOrganic Voice DisordersFunctional Voice DisordersNeurological Voice DisordersPediatric Voice DisordersPrevalence of Childhood Voice DisordersTypes of Childhood Voice DisordersTreatment of Childhood Voice DisordersChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 19. Craniofacial AnomaliesIntroductionDefinition and Origins of Craniofacial AnomaliesEmbryological Development of the Upper Lip and Associated StructuresEmbryological Errors and Clefting: Clefts of the LipEmbryological Errors and Clefting: Clefts of the PalateCleft Lip with or Without a Cleft Palate; Cleft Palate Only (Isolated Cleft Palate)Epidemiology of CleftingSpeech Production in CL/P and CPDiagnosis of VPIVPI and HypernasalityVPI, Consonant Articulation, and Speech IntelligibilityClefting and SyndromesCleft Palate: Other ConsiderationsChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 20. SwallowingIntroductionAnatomy of SwallowingEsophagusStomachThe Act of SwallowingOral Preparatory PhaseOral Transport PhasePharyngeal PhaseEsophageal PhaseOverlap of PhasesBreathing and SwallowingNervous System Control of SwallowingRole of the Peripheral Nervous SystemRole of the Central Nervous SystemVariables That Influence SwallowingBolus CharacteristicsDevelopmentAgeMeasurement and Analysis of SwallowingVideofluoroscopyEndoscopyClient Self-ReportHealth Care Team for Individuals with Swallowing DisordersChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 21. Hearing Science I: Acoustics and PsychoacousticsIntroductionOscillationWaveformSpectrumWaveform and SpectrumResonancePsychoacousticsPitchLoudnessSound QualityChapter SummaryChapter 22. Hearing Science II: Anatomy and PhysiologyIntroductionTemporal BonePeripheral Anatomy of the EarOuter Ear (Conductive Mechanism)Middle EarInner Ear (Sensorineural Mechanism)Chapter SummaryReferencesChapter 23. Diseases of the Auditory System and Diagnostic AudiologyIntroductionHearing EvaluationCase HistoryOtoscopyImmittanceTympanometryAcoustic Reflex Thresholds (ART)Audiometric TestingPhysiological ResponsesVestibular AssessmentAudiometric ResultsType, Degree and Configuration of LossHearing and Balance DisordersChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 24. Assistive Listening Devices IntroductionHearing AidsSteps in Selecting and Fitting a Hearing AidTypes of Hearing AidsHearing Aid ComponentsAuditory Implantable DevicesBone-Anchored Implant (BAI)Middle Ear Implant (MEI)Cochlear Implant (CI)Chapter SummaryReferencesChapter 25. Aural Habilitation and RehabilitationIntroductionAural HabilitationAssessment of Pediatric Communication NeedsPediatric InterventionComponents of a Family-Centered InterventionAuditory TrainingCommunication OptionsOutcome Measures for PediatricsAural RehabilitationIntroduction to Aural Rehabilitation (AR)Assessment of Communication Needs in AdultsInterventionSpeechreadingAdult Outcome MeasuresGroup Aural RehabilitationChapter SummaryReferencesIndex