Introducing Psychological Research

Häftad, Engelska, 2007

AvPhilip Banyard,Andrew Grayson,UK) Banyard, Philip (Nottingham Trent University,Andrew (The Open University) Grayson,Banyard

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Crucially, the foundations of good psychology, in both practice and knowledge, are the ability to understand and carry out effective methods in psychological research. Subsequently, this title aims to introduce students to a thorough history of the key psychological studies across the sub-disciplines of social, developmental, cognitive and biological psychology as well as neuroscience. Research case-studies are described and critiqued encouraging students to critically think about the wider implications of how research is conducted and the subsequent findings that they produce. The pivotal case studies covered have been specifically chosen to illustrate how psychological methods in research have evolved over the history of the discipline and to showcase as broad an overview as possible of the various ways in which research may be conducted; including controlled experiments, in-depth interviewing and literature searches.The book is essential for undergraduate students looking for a comprehensive and clearly written guide to both the classic and contemporary studies that have informed the research methods in the discipline of psychology today. This book has been written to provide clear and well-explained summaries that encourage critical reflection and discussion of the material learnt, making this an apt introduction for students wishing to learn about the valid methods of carrying out empirical research.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2007-11-27
Mått190 x 244 x 32 mm
Vikt1 188 g
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor592
Upplaga3
FörlagBloomsbury Publishing PLC
ISBN9781403900388

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PHILIP BANYARD is Associate Senior Lecturer in Psychology at Nottingham Trent University, UK, and was Chief Examiner for the OCR A level in Psychology. He has written numerous articles for teachers and students of psychology, and has been teaching introductory level psychology for many years.ANDREW GRAYSON is Senior Lecturer in Psychology in the Centre for Human Development and Learning at the Open University, UK. He has taught developmental psychology, introductory psychology and research methods at degree level for over twelve years.

SECTION ONE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER 1 SOCIAL INFLUENCEEIGHT OUT OF TEN OWNERS SAID THEIR CATS PREFERRED ITASCH, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193, 313-5BE A GOOD BOY AND DO AS YOU ARE TOLD. MILGRAM, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 371-78GOING UNDERGROUNDPILIAVIN, I.M., RODIN, J.A & PILIVIN,J. (1969) Good Samaritanism: An underground phenomenon? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 289-99WALK ON BYLEVINE, R.M (1999) Rethinking bystander on-intervention. Human Relations, 52, 1133-1155CHAPTER 2 SOCIAL JUDGEMENTSIS SHE REALLY GOING OUT WITH HIM?NISBETT, R. E., CAPUTO, C., LEGANT, P. & MARECEK, J. (1973). Behaviour as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 154-64.I'M NOT PREJUDICED, BUT...LaPIERE, R. T. (1934). Attitudes vs. actions. Social Forces, 13, 230-37.CHANGING OUR MINDSFESTINGER, L. & CARLSMITH, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-10.THE MINIMAL GROUP STUDIESTAJFEL, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96-102.SHOCK AND AWEFISCHOFF et al. (2005) Evolving Judgements of Terror Risks: Foresight, Hindsight and Emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: 2005, Vol 11, No2 124-139CHAPTER 3 SOCIAL INTERACTIONTHE ROBBER'S CAVESHERIF, M. (1956). Experiments in group conflict. Scientific American, 195, 54-58.TYRANNYREICHER, S & HASLAM, S.A (2006) Rethinking the Psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study BJSP 45-140THE MOTHER AND FATHER OF ALL GROUPSBALES, R.F (1955). How people interact in conferences. Scientific American 192, 31-35THE PRISON SIMULATIONHANEY, C, BANKS, W.C & ZIMBARDO, P.G ( 1973) A study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison. Naval Research Review, 30 4-17SMALL WORLDS AND GETTING SMALLERDODD, P. MUHAMAD, R & WATTS, D (2003) An experimental study of search in global social networks. Science, 301, 827-829SECTION TWO COMPARATIVE AND BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER 4 LEARNINGTHE FLIGHT OF THE KILLER PIGEONSSKINNER, B.F. (1960). Pigeons in a pelican. American Psychologist, 15, 28-37.WHAT'S YOUR PLEASURE?OLDS, J., & MILNER, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of the septal area and other regions of the rat brain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47, 419-427.LEARNING TO BE HELPLESSSELIGMAN, M. E. P. & MAIER, S. F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 1-9.TALKING TO THE ANIMALSGARDNER. R. A. & GARDNER, B. T. (1969). Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science, 16-5, 664-72.BASHING BOBOBANDURA, A., ROSS, D. & ROSS, S.A (1961) Teaching Sign Language to a chimpanzee. Science, 16-5, 664-72CHAPTER 5 COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGYTHE COLONY OF MONKEYSRAWLINS, R. (1979). Forty years of rhesus research. New Scientist, 82, 108-10.A FISHY TALETINBERGEN, N. (1952). The curious behaviour of the stickleback. Scientific American, 187, 22-26.RAT CITY: THE BEHAVIOURAL SINKCALHOUN, J.13. (1962). Population density and social pathology. Scientific American, 206, 139-48.JUST MONKEYING AROUNDALEXANDER, G.M & HINES, M (2002). Sex Differences in response to children's toys in nonhuman primates. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 23, 467-479CHAPTER 6 BIO-PSYCHOLOGYA BRAIN OF TWO HALVESSPERRY, R. W. (1968). Hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness. American Psychologist, 23, 723-33.HOW DO YOU FEEL?SCHACHTER, S. & SINGER, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379-99.TO SLEEP, PERCHANCE TO DREAMDEMENT, W & KLEITMAN, N. (1957). The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53, 339-46.MURDERERS!RAINE, A., BUCHSBAUM, M., & LaCASSE, L. (1997). Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biological Psychiatry, 42(6), 495-508.WHERE DOES IT HURT?MELZACK, R. (1992) Phantom limbs. Scientific American, Apil 90-96PART THREE DIVERSITYCHAPTER 7 IDENTITYBLACK DOLLS AND WHITE DOLLSHRABA., J & GRANT, G. (1970) Black is Beautiful. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 398-402BLACK IDENTITYNOBLES, W.W (1976) Extended Self. Rethinking the socalled Negro selfconcept. Journal of Black Psychology, 2 15-24THE BOY WHO WAS RAISED AS A GIRL: PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAGEDYDIAMOND, M. & SIGMUNDSON (1997) Sex Reassignment at Birth. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine. 151. 298-304MIRROR MIRROR ON THE WALLKOFF, E. (1983) Through the looking glass of menarche. In S. Golub (ed), Menarche, pp 77-86. Lexington, Mass:D. Heath.GIRLS JUST WANT TO HAVE FUNKITTO, J. (1989) Gender reference terms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 185-87CHAPTER 8 ABNORMALITYYOU DON'T HAVE TO BE MAD TO WORK HERE. YOU DON'T EVEN HAVE TO BE MAD TO BE IN HERE...ROSENHAN, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 250-58.PARANOID HUMANOIDGRIFFITH, J.D et al (1973) Dextroamphetamine: Evaluation of psychimetic properties in man. Archive of General Psychiatry, 26, 97-100THE THREE FACES OF EVETHIGPEN, C. H. & CLECKLEY, H. (1954). A case of multiple personality Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 135-51.FEAR TODAY, GONE TOMORROWLANG, P. J. & LAZOVIK, A. D. (1963). Experimental desensitisation of a phobia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 519-25.CHAPTER 9 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCESTHE BIG FIVEMcCRAE, R.R & COSTA, P.T (1987) Validation of the five factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52. 81-90MEASURING MASCULINITY AND FEMININITYBEM, S.L (1974) The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-62MISMEASURING INTELLIGENCEGOULD, S.J (1982) A nation of morons. New Scientist (6 May 1982) 349-52A BRAVE NEW WORLDPLOMIN, R., & DANIELS, D. (1987) Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 10 1-16SECTION FOUR DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER 10 ATTACHMENTCAN YOU HEAR ME MOTHER?HARLOW, H. F. (1959). Love in infant monkeys. Scientific American, 200, 68-74.FAMILY LIFEHODGES, J. & TIZARD, B. (1989b).Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 77-97.EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATIONKOLUCHOVÁ J. (1972). Severe deprivation in twins: A case study Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13, 107-14.THE BEHAVIOUR OF NEWBORN CHILDREN IN TWO DIFFERENT CULTURESBRAZELTON, T. B., KOSLOWSKI, B., & TRONICK, E. (1976). Neonatal behavior among urban Zambians and Americans. Journal of Child Psychiatry, 15, 97-107.CHAPTER 11 THE CLASSIC APPROACHESI WANT A GIRL, JUST LIKE THE GIRL THAT MARRIED DEAR OLD DADFREUD, S. (1909) Analysis of a phobia of five year old boy.. The Pelican Freud Library (1977), Vol 8, Case Histories 1, pp 169-306PIAGET'S COGNITIVE APPROACHSAMUEL, J. & BRYANT, P. (1984) Asking only one question in the conservation experiment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25 315-18THE TALE OF LITTLE ALBERTWATSON, J.B & RAYNER, R (1920) Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3 1-14.VYGOTSKY'S SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST APRROACHWOOD, WOOD & MIDDLETON (1978) An experimental evaluation of four face-to-face teaching strategies. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 1, 131-147CHAPTER 12 COMMUNICATIONTHE DANCE OF THE NEONATESCONDON, W. S. & SANDER, L. W. (1974). Neonate movement is synchronized with adult speech: Interactional participation and language acquisition. Science, 183, 99-101.LISTEN WITH MOTHERFERNALD, A. (1985). Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese. Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 181-95.TALKING PROPERLABOV, W. (1969). The logic of nonstandard English.In P. P. Giglioli (ed.) Language and Social Context, pp. 179-215. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. Originally in Georgetown Monographs on Language and Linguistics, 2, 1-31.ALL THE KING'S HORSES AND ALL THE KING'S MEN..,BRYANT, P.E., BRADLEY, L., MacLEAN, M., & CROSSLAND, J. (1989)Nursery rhymes, phonological skills and reading. Journal of Child Language, 16 407-428SECTION FIVE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER 13 MEMORYREMEMBERING PICTURESBARTLETT, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, pp. 177-85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.EYEWITNESS TESTIMONYLOFTUS, E. F. & PALMER, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction; An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-89.MODELS OF MEMORYCRAIK, F. I. M. & LOCKHART, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-84.FALSE OR RECOVERED MEMORIESLOFTU, E. & PICKERELL, J. (1995)The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725CHAPTER 14 PERCEPTIONWALKING OFF A CLIFFGIBSON, E. J. & WALK, R. D. (1960). The 'visual cliff'. Scientific American, 202, 64-71.WHY DID THE ANTELOPE CROSS THE ROAD?DEREGOWSKI, J. B. (1972). Pictorial perception and culture. Scientific American, 227, 82-88.WALK LIKE A MAN...KOZLOWSKI, L.T. & CUTTING, J.E. (1977) Recognizing the Sex of a Walker from a Dynamic PointLight Display. Perception and Psychophysics, 21(6), 575-580ARE YOU HAVING A LAUGH?CARROLL, P.J, YOUNG, J.R & GUERTIN, M.S. (1992) Visual Analysis of Cartoons. Eye Movements and Visual Cognition: Scene Perception and Reading, pp 444-461. New York: SpringerVerlag.CHAPTER 15 MIND AND THOUGHTAUTISM AND THEORIES OF MINDBARON-COHEN, S., LESLIE, A.M. & FRITH, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a 'theory of mind'? Cognition, 21, 37-46.I'M SORRY DAVE, I CAN'T DO THATSEARLE, J. R. (1980). Minds, brains and programs. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 417-57.IS IT A BIRD, IS IT A PLANE...?COLLINS, A.M. & QUILLIAN, M.R. (1969) Retrieval Time from Semantic Memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 8, 240-47WHAT COLOUR IS WEDNESDAY?RAMANCHANDRAN, V.S & HUBBARD, E.M (2001) Psychophysical investigations into the neural basis of synaesthesia. Proceedings of the Royal Society London, 268, 979-983CHAPTER 16 ATTENTIONNOW YOU SEE IT, NOW YOU DON'TSPERLING, G. (1960) Psychological Monographs, 74 (11, whole No 498)LISTENING WITH ONE EARGRAY, J.A & WEDDERBURN, A.A.I (1960) Grouping Strategies with simulataneous stimuli. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 180-194MONKEY BUSINESSSIMONS, D.J & CHABRIS, C.F (1999)Gorillas in our midst. Perception, 28, 1059-1074SECTION SIX PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODSCHAPTER 17 ANALYSING DATAAIDS AND UNCERTAINTYWEITZ, R. (1989) Uncertainty and the lives of persons with AIDS, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 270-81DISCOURSE ANALYSISPOTTER, J. & EDWARDS, D. (1990) Nigel Lawson's tent: Discourse analysis, attribution theory and the social psychology of fact. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 405-24SHRINK WRAPPED: THE CHOICE OF THERAPISTSMITH, M.L &GLASS, G.V (1977) Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752-60LIFE IS STRESSHOLMES, T.H. & RAHE, R.H (1967) The social re-adjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-18CHAPTER 18 ISSUES IN RESEARCHDEMAND CHARACTERISTICSORNE, M. T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17, 776-83.WHO ARE PSYCHOLOGY'S SUBJECTS?SEARS D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on psychology's view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 513-30.DULL RATS AND BRIGHT RATSROSENTHAL, R. & FODE, K. L. (1963). The effect of experimenter bias on the performance of the albino rat. Behavioral Science, 8, 183-89.HOW GULLIBLE ARE YOU?FORER, B.R. (1949) The fallacy of personal validation: A classroom demonstration of gullibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44 118-21why psychologyMILLER, G.A (1969) Psychology as a means of promoting human welfare. American Psychologist, 24 1063-1075CHAPTER 19 HOW DOES PSYCHOLOGICAL RSEARCH GET DONE?DATA AND DATA ANALYSISRESEARCH METHOS AND DESIGNSQUALITY CONTROL.

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