Intelligent Satellite Design and Implementation

Jianjun Zhang, PhD, is Professor of the Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, China Academy of Space Technology, China. He is Chairman of the Space Information Technology Professional Committee of the China Electronics Society, among other professional memberships, and has published widely on satellite navigation system design and related subjects. Jing Li, PhD, is Associate Professor in the School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, China. She is an expert member of the Space Information Technology Youth Committee of the China Electronics Society and has published widely on artificial intelligence and automation.

• About the Authors xiiiPreface xv1 Development of Artificial Intelligence 11.1 The Concept and Evolution of Artificial Intelligence 11.1.1 The Concept of Artificial Intelligence 11.1.2 Evolution of Artificial Intelligence 51.2 The Current Scope and Technical Framework of Artificial Intelligence 71.2.1 Technical Scope 71.2.2 Technical Framework 71.2.3 Technical Features 81.3 The Overall Development Trend of Artificial Intelligence 91.3.1 Current Development Trend 91.3.2 Technical Development Trend 131.4 The Main Achievements of AI 161.4.1 Image Recognition 161.4.2 Speech Recognition 171.4.3 Art Creation 191.4.4 Other Aspects 20References 232 Artificial Intelligence in the Satellite Field 252.1 The Concept and Connotation of Intelligent Satellite 252.1.1 The Concept of Intelligent Satellite 252.1.1.1 Artificial Intelligence in Satellite Field 252.1.1.2 Intelligent Satellite 262.1.1.3 Group Intelligence 272.1.1.4 Understanding of Intelligence and Autonomy 272.1.2 Technical Characteristics of Intelligent Satellite 282.1.2.1 Functional Level 282.1.2.2 Implementation Level 292.1.2.3 Apparent Level 302.2 Technical Characteristics of Intelligent Satellite System 302.2.1 Intelligent Classification of Satellite System 312.2.1.1 Classification of Satellite Intelligent Autonomous Control 312.2.1.2 Classification of Satellite Intelligent Reasoning 322.2.2 Intelligent Satellite Technology Architecture 322.2.2.1 Basic Layer 332.2.2.2 Technical Level 342.2.2.3 Application Layer 342.3 Opportunities and Challenges for Satellite to Develop AI 342.3.1 Development Opportunities of Smart Satellite 342.3.1.1 AI Leads the Disruptive Innovation of Future Satellite Platforms Is an Inevitable Trend 352.3.1.2 Artificial Intelligence Technology Will Effectively Improve the Efficiency of Satellite Systems 352.3.2 Significance of Intelligent Satellite 362.3.2.1 The Application and Development of Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Satellite Field Closely Meet the Needs of the Times 372.3.2.2 Artificial Intelligence Technology Will Open Up a New Working Pattern of Integrating Space and Earth in Satellite Field 372.3.2.3 The Development of Artificial Intelligence Technology Will Comprehensively Promote the Upgrading of the Ecological Industrial Structure in the Satellite Field 382.3.3 Major Challenges of Intelligent Satellites 38References 413 Development Status of AI Technology in Satellites 433.1 Policy and Planning 433.2 Technology and Application 443.2.1 NASA 513.2.2 European Space Agency (ESA) 523.2.3 Other Countries and Regions 533.3 Development Trend Analysis 53References 624 Basic Knowledge of AI Technology 654.1 The Concepts and Characteristics of Machine Learning and Deep Learning 654.1.1 Artificial Intelligence: Give Human Intelligence to Machines 664.1.2 Machine Learning: A Method to Realize Artificial Intelligence 664.1.3 Deep Learning: A Technology to Realize Machine Learning 674.1.4 Reinforcement Learning: Self-evolution Mechanism of Learning Feedback 684.1.5 Transfer Learning: A New Machine Learning Method that Uses Existing Knowledge to Solve Problems in Different but Related Fields 694.2 Key Technologies of AI 704.2.1 Classification of Key AI Technologies 704.2.2 Technical Development Trend Analysis 734.3 Machine Learning 744.3.1 Unsupervised Learning 744.3.2 Supervise Learning 754.3.3 Deep Learning 774.3.3.1 Feedforward Depth Network 784.3.3.2 Convolution Neural Network 784.3.3.3 Cyclic Neural Network 794.3.3.4 Bidirectional Deep Network 804.4 Natural Language Processing 804.4.1 Introduction to Natural Language Processing Methods 814.4.2 Introduction of Natural Language Processing Model 824.5 Knowledge Engineering 824.5.1 Expert System 834.5.1.1 Development of Expert System 834.5.1.2 Expert System and Its Functions 844.5.1.3 Structure of Expert System 864.5.2 Data Mining 86References 905 AI Requirements for Satellite System 955.1 Demand Requirements for AI Technology in Satellite System 955.1.1 Space Intelligent Perception Requirements 965.1.2 Space Intelligent Decision-Making and Control Requirements 965.1.3 Space Cluster Intelligence Requirements 975.1.4 Space Intelligent Interaction Requirements 985.1.5 Space Intelligent Design Requirements 985.2 Challenges and Solutions of Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace Applications 995.2.1 Hardware Level 995.2.2 Software Level 1005.2.3 System Level 101References 1046 Intelligent Remote-Sensing Satellite System 1076.1 Technical Analysis of Intelligent Remote-Sensing Satellite System 1076.1.1 Technical Requirements Analysis of Remote-Sensing Satellite Artificial Intelligence System 1076.1.2 Concept Connotation of Intelligent Remote-Sensing Satellite System 1106.1.3 Main Features of Intelligent Remote-Sensing Satellite System 1116.1.3.1 Special Function 1116.1.3.2 Variable Imaging Mode 1126.1.3.3 Real-time Processing of Onboard Data 1126.1.3.4 Real-time Data Download 1126.2 Basic Structure of Intelligent Remote-Sensing Satellite System 1136.2.1 Intelligent Expert System 1146.2.1.1 Intelligent Identification Module 1146.2.1.2 Intelligent Decision Module 1146.2.1.3 Intelligent Evolution Module 1156.2.1.4 Intelligent Execution System 1156.2.2 Intelligent Semantic Interpretation System 1166.3 Key Technical Directions of Intelligent Remote-Sensing Satellite System 1166.3.1 Develop Autonomous Parameters and Mode Adaptation Technology of Remote Sensor 1176.3.2 Develop Satellite Autonomous Mission Planning Technology 1176.3.3 Develop In-Orbit Semantic Interpretation Technology of Remote-Sensing Images 1176.4 Typical Application Cases 1186.4.1 Rapid Intelligence Generation and Release of Remote-Sensing Satellite 1186.4.2 On-track Feature-level Fusion Processing and New Feature Learning 1196.4.3 On-track Independent Disaster Identification and Alarm 1206.4.4 Distributed Autonomous Mission Planning for Constellation 1206.4.5 AI Technology-assisted OODA Loop 121References 1227 Intelligent Communication Satellite System 1257.1 Requirements for AI System Technology by Communication Satellite 1257.1.1 Satellite Security Requirements 1257.1.1.1 The Disintegration of Japan’s Astro-H Satellite in Orbit 1267.1.1.2 Anik-F2 Satellite Communication Service Interruption 1277.1.2 Load Usability Requirements 1277.1.3 Requirements for Autonomous Operation of Satellites 1287.2 Key Technologies of Communication Satellite Intelligent System 1297.2.1 Spectrum Sensing Technology in Satellite Communication 1297.2.1.1 Introduction to Cognitive Radio 1297.2.1.2 Spectrum Parameters 1327.2.1.3 Spectrum Sensing Concept 1337.2.1.4 Spectrum Sensing Algorithm 1347.2.2 Intelligent Information Distribution and Push Technology 1347.2.3 Satellite Digital Channelization Technology 1357.2.3.1 Basic Structure of Onboard Flexible Transponder 1357.2.3.2 Digital Channeler Signal Separation and Signal Synthesis Algorithm 1377.2.4 Spaceborne Intelligent Antenna Beamforming Technology 1397.2.4.1 Classification of Intelligent Antenna Digital Beamforming Technology 1397.2.4.2 Broadband Digital Beamforming Technology 1407.3 Typical Application Cases 1407.3.1 Software Definition Satellite 1407.3.2 Autonomous Orbit Change/Orbit Maneuver of Satellite 1417.3.3 Satellite Intelligent Spectrum Sensing and Anti-interference 142References 1438 Intelligent Navigation Satellite System 1458.1 Intelligent Management of Constellation Network 1468.1.1 Satellite Network Intelligent Management Technology 1468.1.2 Constellation-level Intelligent Autonomous Navigation Technology 1478.2 Satellite Independent Health Management 1498.2.1 High Reliability and Autonomy of Satellites 1508.2.2 Long-Term Autonomous Operation of Satellites in Orbit 1508.3 Intelligent Fault Diagnosis and Prediction Technology 1528.3.1 Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Signal Processing 1528.3.2 Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Analytical Model 1538.3.3 Knowledge-based Fault Diagnosis Method 1538.3.3.1 Model-based Fault Prediction Technology 1548.3.3.2 Fault Prediction Technology Based on Data Driven 1558.3.3.3 Fault Prediction Technology Based on Statistical Reliability 1558.4 Intelligent On-Orbit Maintenance of Satellite 1568.4.1 Evolutionary Hardware Technology 1568.4.2 Reconfigurable Computing Technology 1608.4.2.1 Research on Reconfigurable Computing Hardware 1618.4.2.2 Research on Reconfigurable Computing System Programming 1628.4.2.3 Applied Research 1638.5 Typical Application Cases 1658.5.1 Long-term Autonomous Navigation 1658.5.2 Navigation Intelligent Countermeasure 166References 1669 Application of AI in Aerospace Loads 1699.1 Intelligent Load Software Architecture 1699.2 Cloud Service Center Software Architecture 1709.3 Network-oriented Communication Protocol 1729.4 Intelligent Expert System 1739.4.1 Intelligent Identification Module 1749.4.2 Intelligent Decision-Making Module 1749.4.3 Intelligent Evolution Module 1759.5 Intelligent Execution System 1759.6 Intelligent Semantic Interpretation System 1769.7 Intelligent Load Onboard Intelligent Processing Technology Scheme 1779.8 Digital Multi-function Load 1799.8.1 American SCAN Test Bench 1799.8.2 UK Full Digital Payload 1819.8.3 The European Space Agency’s Second-Generation Galileo Satellite 182References 18310 Future Development of Intelligent Satellite 18510.1 Application Prospect of AI in Aerospace Field 18510.1.1 Autonomous Operation Satellite System Based on Artificial Intelligence 18510.1.2 Satellite State Detection, Fault Diagnosis, and System Reconstruction 18610.1.3 Satellite Intelligent Autonomous Control Technology 18710.1.4 Intelligent Planning and Scheduling of Satellites 18810.1.5 Satellite Collaboration and Cooperation 18810.1.5.1 Lots of Scientific Data 18910.1.5.2 Complex Scientific Instruments 18910.1.5.3 Increased Number of Satellites 18910.1.6 Multi-satellite Mission Management 19010.2 The Next Development Gocus 19110.2.1 Design of Onboard Intelligent Chip 19110.2.2 Satellite System Design Based on Artificial Intelligence 19110.2.3 On-track Fault Detection and Maintenance Based on Artificial Intelligence 19210.2.4 Satellite Intelligent Control Based on Artificial Intelligence 19310.2.5 Space-ground Integration Based on Artificial Intelligence 19410.2.6 Satellite Intelligent Platform Based on Artificial Intelligence 19410.3 Summary 195References 195Index 197