Intellectual Biography of N.A. Rozhkov

Dr John González is an independent scholar and Director of the Rozhkov Historical Research Centre in New South Wales, Australia. In 2011 he became a member of the editorial board of the Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University's History and Politics series. Previously he has taught history and politics at the University of Wollongong and has taught languages for the New South Wales Department of Education and Training. He has published many articles on various aspects of Russian history, translated a wealth of material from Russian and other languages and is currently preparing for publication English translations of several of Rozhkov's books. This is his first monograph.

• List of Illustrations xiNote on Transliteration, Calendars & Translation xiiAbbreviations xiiiMap xviPrologue 11 The Formative Years (1868–1898): Rozhkov the Academic 11Verkhotur’e and the Early Years 11Rozhkov’s Family—His Parents and Siblings 12The First Wave of Positivist Influence 14Henry Thomas Buckle 15Herbert Spencer 18Avgust Liudvigovich Tochiskii 22Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University 24Zinaida Petrovna Vovoiskaia 25The Young Married Couple 26V.O. Kliuchevskii 28Rozhkov as Teacher and First Publications 29Research under Kliuchevskii 31Economic Materialism, Legal Marxism, Ziber and Marx 32Kliuchevskii, Thesis and the Uvarov Prize 35The Young Academic 37The Success of Contemporary Sociology and History—A Second Wave of Positivist Influence 402 The Influence of Marxism (1898–1905): Rozhkov the Revolutionary 47Rozhkov’s Interpretation of Marxism 47His Doctoral Thesis, Marxism and Politics 48The Importance of Psychology and Marxism 50Marxism and the Psychology of the Individual 51Textbooks and Educating the Public 55The Success of Town and Village in Russian History and the Zemstva Lectures 55The Moscow Pedagogical Society and Public Education 61Teachers, Students and Academics Demand Change 64A.A. Malinovskii-Bogdanov and Pravda 66Geneva and 1905 673 Revolution and Prison (1905–1907): Rozhkov the Bolshevik 76Rozhkov the Bolshevik and the Literary-Propagandist Group 76Moscow University and 1905 77Rozhkov and 1905 80The Aftermath of 1905 86First Meeting with Lenin 88Svetoch—A Legal Bolshevik Newspaper 91Rozhkov Arrested after Svetoch Inquiry 92Rozhkov Goes Underground—Kuokkala, Grand Duchy of Finland 93Secret Political Meetings and Important Personalities 97Fifth Congress of the RSDLP in London 99Rethinking the Revolution in 1907 102The Fundamental Laws of Social Phenomena 1064 Reflections from Butyrskaia Prison: Rozhkov the IntellectualIncarcerated (1908–1910) 109Rozhkov’s Arrest—1908 109Prison Life, Letters and Labour 112Psychology and History 115Sibirevedenie and the Contemporary World in 1910 120Hilferding and How Rozhkov came to Believe in Civilized Capitalism 1235 Applying Theory to Practice: Rozhkov in Siberian Exile (1911) 128The Fundamentals of Scientific Philosophy 128Rozhkov’s Theory of Epistemology 132Evolutionary Materialism not Dialectical Materialism 136Rozhkov’s Theory of Energetics and Evolutionary Economism 139Lenin and Rozhkov: Failed Attempts at Dialogue 144Breaking with Lenin and the Bolsheviks: The Political Society for theProtection of the Interests of the Working Class 150Rozhkov and the Final Split between Bolshevism and Menshevism 155Rozhkov’s “Liquidationism” in Nasha Zaria and Lenin’s Response—A Liberal-Labour Party Manifesto in Zvezda 1576 The Siberian Road to the Duma: Rozhkov More Menshevik thanBolshevik (1912–1917) 164Realities of Political Exile—When Mensheviks Attack: A.S. Martynov 164Rozhkov’s Reply: On Two Fronts 167Rozhkov on Liquidationism 169Martov’s Contribution: How it is Possible to be Wrong on both Fronts 173Rozhkov Responds Again in Nasha Zaria 176Lenin Continues the Polemic against Rozhkov: “He has not Understood Marxist Propositions” 181Rozhkov’s Reply: Do not Allow Differences between Social-Democrats Destroy the Possibility of Teamwork 184Exiles Respond to World War I: Siberian Zimmerwaldists 188Rozhkov’s Pacifist and Anti-War Views 191Rozhkov Reaffirms His “Social-Chauvinist” Views inSovremennyi Mir 194Siberian Regionalism and the Authorities Threatened 197The Voice of Siberia—The Need for a New Daily Newspaper 201Last Months in Siberian Exile under Tsarist Rule 2047 In Search of a Political Compromise (1917–1921): Rozhkov the Social-Democrat 206Rozhkov’s Open Letter to the Moscow Conference of Bolsheviks 206Rozhkov as Deputy Minister of Posts and Telegraphs in theProvisional Government 210The Politics of Agreement Challenged 214The October Revolution: A Politician’s Critical View 218The Russian Revolutions: A Historian’s View 220A Year after the October Revolution: Rozhkov Writes to Lenin with Maxim Gor’kii’s Support 224Rozhkov, Lenin and Martov Letters 230Death of Zinaida Petrovna Vovoiskaia and Rozhkov’s First Arrest under Bolshevism 233Letters from Gaol, Ia.S. Agranov, Lenin and Outside Efforts to Free Rozhkov 237Rozhkov Sends another Letter to Lenin 2408 There is No Compromise (1922–1927): Rozhkov under Bolshevik Surveillance 248The Herzen Institute, Political Isolation and Lenin 248The Machinations of Power: Rozhkov Arrested Once Again 253Despite Appeals Rozhkov is Exiled to Pskov 259Rozhkov on Russian Menshevism 262More Letters to Zinov’ev 268Life in Exile 273The Last Years after Bolshevik Exile 275Epilogue Rozhkov Rediscovered: A Review of the Major Literature since His Death 286The Lunacharskii Letter 287Pokrovskii and Rozhkovshchina 289The Soviet Line on Rozhkov Established 292A Fresh Look at Rozhkov: Volobuev 295Stepanova, Chebotareva, Sheinfel’d, Hellie and Tarasova 297The Rodina Letters, Iakovlev, Artizov, Shapiro and Andreeva 299Makarchuk, Isachkin, Popov and Tikhomirov 301Borisova, Leont’eva, Mikhailova and Filimonov 305Ivanov, Korzun, Nechkhurin, Kocheshkov and Maidachevskii 309Volobuev’s Latest Works 316AppendixWorks by N.A. Rozhkov 319N.A. Rozhkov: A Chronology 342Bibliography 344Russian Sources 344Non-Russian Sources 354Index 368List of Illustrations1 View of Ekaterinburg in the late nineteenth century 422 Rozhkov’s young parents 433 Young Kolia standing with mum and younger brother 444 Rozhkov as a young student 455 Rozhkov the senior gymnasium student with his parents 466 Rozhkov as a young man 727 Rozhkov the teacher with his class of Cadets in Moscow 738 Rozhkov the academic circa 1900 749 Rozhkov’s first wife—Zinaida Petrovna Vovoiskaia 7510 Police mug shot 18 May 1908 12611 Police photo 18 May 1908 12612 Visit portrait of Rozhkov taken in London in 1907 12713 Rozhkov’s older parents 12714 Nikolai and Zinaida in Siberian exile. He is at the right window, his wife is at the left window 24415 Nikolai and Zinaida with other exiles at the entrance of a cave somewhere in Siberia 24516 Nikolai (front—second from right) and Zinaida (front—second from left) with other exiles on a picnic 24517 Exiles in Siberia—Rozhkov second man sitting front left, wife stands in the middle, Tsereteli sits second row right 24618 With comrades in Chita. Rozhkov sits in the middle 24619 A meeting In Siberia just before returning to Moscow, Rozhkov is in middle with Tsereteli to his left 24720 Meeting of the first lecturers and staff of the Ural State University in Ekaterinburg in 1920. Rozhkov second from left. To his right sitsA.A. Gapeev and in the middle sits A.P. Pinkevich 24721 Early photograph of Rozhkov’s Grave—Novodevich’e Cemetry 28222 Rozhkov’s second wife—Maria Konstantinovna Pshenitsyna in 1925 28323 M.K. Pshenitsyna in 1950 28424 Rozhkov’s Grave today 285Map

"Gonzalez's biography, which includes twenty-four illustrations, a biographical chronology, and a list of Rozhkov's works, gives long-overdue attention to Rozhkov's place in the Russian revolutionary movement and Russian Marxist historiography." - Barbara C. Allen, in: The Russian Review, 2017, pp. 565-6