Innovations in Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena

Mona Kharazi is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences at Bu‑Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, where she leads research on interfacial phenomena and their application to crude oil recovery. She received her B.Sc. (2012), M.Sc. (2015), and Ph.D. (2021) in applied chemistry from Bu‑Ali Sina University. Following her Ph.D., she pursued postdoctoral research in chemical engineering, where she served as a project leader until 2023. Since 2024, she has been serving as an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry at Bu‑Ali Sina University. Her research interests span surface science, interfacial tension, ionic liquids, surfactants, nanomaterials, colloids, and green chemistry, with a particular emphasis on developing innovative experimental methods for enhanced oil recovery using novel materials. She co‑authored over 60 journal articles, book chapters, and conference contributions, along with Iranian patents, which focused mainly on interdisciplinary research related to ionic liquid‑based surfactants and crude oil recovery systems.Websites: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jIkez6UAAAAJ&hl=enhttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mona-KharaziORCID: 0000-0001-6645-0176Javad Saien is a faculty member in the Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences at Bu‑Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. He received his B.Sc. from Amirkabir University of Technology (1984), his M.Sc. from the University of Tehran (1991), and his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Bradford, UK (1995). Since 1986, he has been serving as an academic staff member at Bu‑Ali Sina University, where he was promoted to full professor approximately 15 years ago. His research primarily focused on enhanced oil recovery using ionic liquids and nanoparticles, wastewater treatment via homogeneous and heterogeneous processes, liquid–liquid extraction (including single drop, impinging streams, and LLE), and mass transfer intensification using external fields. He has published over 200 journal articles, holds numerous national and international patents, and has authored several books and book chapters. Since 2020, he has been serving as the editor of the Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, and he is a member of the editorial boards of various national and international scientific journals.Website: https://profs.basu.ac.ir/saeen/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=V0yXsg8AAAAJ&hl=enhttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Javad-SaienORCID: 0000-0001-5731-022Aliyar Javadi is a pioneer scientist in dynamic surface phenomena, interfacial transport properties of multiphase processes, and biointerfaces. He earned his B.Sc. (1996) in chemical engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnique), and his M.Sc. (2000) and Ph.D. (2007) from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. He continued his research work at the Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam, Germany, as a postdoc and project leader. Since 2013, he has been serving as a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Tehran, where he developed a working group and laboratory on “Dynamic surface phenomena and colloidal systems”. He is currently in collaboration with TU‑Dresden and the Helmholtz Centre in Dresden‑Rossendorf, Germany, for developing new projects on dynamic surface phenomena and biointerfaces. He is the scientific director of the World‑Academies newly founded as knowledge management startup at the TU‑Dresden for Remote Training and Research. He has published his scientific achievements in more than 120 international journal articles and book chapters, mostly on the dynamic interfacial properties of multiphase processes.Websites: https://www.world-academies.com/members/javadi/; https://tu-dresden.de/ing/maschinenwesen/ifvu/tpg/die-professur/beschaeftigte/Aliyar_Javadi; https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=DhbZvksAAAAJ&hl=deORCID: 0000-0002-9881-7304Reinhard Miller is an associated senior scientist in the Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany. He studied mathematics at the University of Rostock and colloid science at the Technical University of Dresden, Germany. He earned his Ph.D. and habilitation from the Academy of Sciences in Berlin. In 1990, he was a postdoc at the University of Toronto, Canada. From 1991 to 2019, he was a group leader at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interface in Potsdam. Since then, he continued his scientific work as an associated senior scientist at the Technical University of Darmstadt. His main scientific interests are dynamics and thermodynamics of adsorption of surfactants, proteins, polymers, particles and their mixtures at fluid interfaces, dilational and shear interfacial rheology, and formation and stabilization of foams and emulsions. He has published his scientific results in eight books, more than 650 papers in peer‑reviewed journals, and many book chapters. He is the editor of the journal Advances in Colloid and Interface Science and the editor‑in‑chief of the journal Colloids & Interfaces. He is also the editor of the book series Progress in Colloid and Interface Science (CRC Press).Websites: https://www.ipkm.tu-darmstadt.de/research_ipkm/team_ipkm/team_ipkm_details_74624.de.jsp; https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=FEoPQ3UAAAAJ&hl=deORCID: 0000-0001-8943-7521

• PrefaceSection I: Ionic Liquids StructureChapter 1: Characteristic Features1.1. Introduction1.2. General Features1.2.1. Ionic liquids1.2.2. Molten salts1.3. Ionic Liquids Properties1.3.1. Melting point1.3.2. Vapor pressure1.3.3. Thermal stability and non-flammability1.3.4. Structural designability1.3.5. Electrical conductivity1.3.6. Viscosity1.3.7. Liquid state over a wide temperature range1.3.8. Magnetic property1.3.9. Solvation potential1.4. Summary1.5. ReferencesChapter 2: Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants2.1. Introduction2.2. Structure and Characteristics of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants2.2.1. General consideration2.2.2. Head group effects2.2.3. Alkyl chain effects2.2.4. Counter anion effects2.2.5. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance2.3. Classification of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants2.3.1. Single-chain ILBSs2.3.2. Multicationic ILBSs2.3.3. Zwitterionic ILBSs2.3.4. Catanionic ILBSs2.3.5. Novel ILBSs2.4. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Green Chemistry2.4.1. Toxicity2.4.2. Biodegradability2.5. Summary2.6. ReferencesSection II: Interfacial PhenomenaChapter 3: Interface Properties AND Interfacial Tension Reduction3.1. Introduction3.2. Interfacial Tension Concepts3.3. Methods of Determining Interfacial Tension3.4. Role of Surfactant in Interfacial Tension Reduction3.4.1. Dynamic interfacial tension3.4.2. Adsorption models for surfactants at liquid interfaces3.5. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Interfacial Tension Reduction3.6. Impact of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants Structure on Interfacial Tension3.6.1. Head group effects3.6.2. Alkyl chain effects3.6.3. Counter anion effects3.6.4. Spacer effects3.7. Comparing Effectiveness of Different Types of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants3.7.1. Single-chain type ILBSs3.7.2. Multicationic type ILBSs3.7.3. Zwitterionic type ILBSs3.7.4. Catanionic type ILBSs3.8. Summary3.9. ReferencesChapter 4: Micelle Formation4.1. Introduction4.2. Micelle and Critical Micelle Concentration Concepts4.3. Micellar Structures4.3.1. Structures and classification of micelles4.3.2. Liquid crystals4.3.3. Factors affecting micellar structures and packing parameter4.3.4. Micellar aggregation number4.4. Methods of Determining Critical Micelle Concentration4.5. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Critical Micelle Concentration4.6. Impact of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants Structure on Critical Micelle Concentration4.6.1. Head group effects4.6.2. Alkyl chain effects4.6.3. Counter anion effects4.6.4. Spacer effects4.7. Comparing Effectiveness of Different Types of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants4.7.1. Single-chain type ILBSs4.7.2. Multicationic type ILBSs4.7.3. Zwitterionic type ILBSs4.7.4. Catanionic type ILBSs4.8. Summary4.9. ReferencesChapter 5: Emulsification5.1. Introduction5.2. Emulsification Concepts5.3. Types of Emulsions5.3.1. Classification based on the dispersed phase5.3.2. Classification based on the size of the dispersed droplets5.3.3. Classification based on the nature of emulsifier5.3.4. Classification based on the Winsor types5.4. Emulsion Stability5.4.1. The DLVO theory and emulsion index5.4.2. Destabilizing factors of emulsions5.4.3. Stabilizing factors of emulsions5.5. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Emulsification5.6. Impact of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants Structure on Emulsification5.6.1. Head group effects5.6.2. Alkyl chain effects5.6.3. Counter anion effects5.7. Comparing Effectiveness of Different Types of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants5.7.1. Single-chain type ILBSs5.7.2. Multicationic type ILBSs5.7.3. Zwitterionic type ILBSs5.7.4. Catanionic type ILBSs5.8. The Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants5.9. Summary5.10. ReferencesChapter 6: Wettability Modifications6.1. Introduction6.2. Wetting and Wettability Concepts6.2.1. Wetting and types6.2.2. Wettability and its modification6.3. Methods of Determining the Wettability6.3.1. Surface and interfacial tension measurements6.3.2. Contact angle measurements6.3.3. Adsorption and spreading measurements6.3.4. Wetting balance measurements6.3.5. Imbibition measurements6.4. Role of Surfactant in Wetting Modifications6.4.1. Mechanism of surfactants adsorption at the solid surface6.4.2. Wettability changes with surfactants6.5. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Wettability Modification6.6. Impact of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants Structure on Wettability Modification6.6.1. Head group effects6.6.2. Alkyl chain effects6.6.3. Counter anion effects6.7. Comparing Effectiveness of Different Types of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants6.7.1. Single-chain type ILBSs6.7.2. Multicationic type ILBSs6.7.3. Zwitterionic type ILBSs6.7.4. Catanionic type ILBSs6.8. Summary6.9. ReferencesSection III: ApplicationsChapter 7: Particle Dispersions7.1. Introduction7.2. Particle Dispersion Concepts7.3. Mechanisms of Stabilizing Dispersions7.3.1. Electrostatic stabilization7.3.2. Steric stabilization7.3.3. Electrosteric stabilization7.4. Role of Surfactants in Dispersion of Particles7.4.1. Wetting of powder7.4.2. De-aggregating of particle clusters7.4.3. Preventing re-aggregation of dispersed particles7.5. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Particle Dispersion7.6. Impact of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants Structure on Particle Dispersion7.6.1. Head group effects7.6.2. Alkyl chain effects7.6.3. Counter anion effects7.7. Comparing Effectiveness of Different Types of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants7.7.1. Single-chain type ILBSs7.7.2. Multicationic type ILBSs7.7.3. Zwitterionic type ILBSs7.7.4. Catanionic type ILBSs7.8. Summary7.9. ReferencesChapter 8: Extraction Processes8.1. Introduction8.2. Extraction Process Concepts8.3. Mechanisms of Extraction Processes8.3.1. Liquid-liquid extraction8.3.2. Solid-liquid extraction8.3.3. Solid-phase extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction8.4. Role of Surfactant in Extraction Processes8.4.1. Impact on the liquid-liquid extraction8.4.2. Impact on the solid-liquid extraction8.4.3. Impact on the solid-phase extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction8.4.4. Impact on separation of extracted substance from the solvent8.5. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Extraction Processes8.6. Impact of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants Structure on Extraction Processes8.6.1. Head group effects8.6.2. Alkyl chain effects8.6.3. Counter anion effects8.7. Comparing Effectiveness of Different Types of Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants8.7.1. Single-chain type ILBSs8.7.2. Multicationic type ILBSs8.7.3. Zwitterionic type ILBSs8.7.4. Catanionic type ILBSs8.8. Summary8.9. ReferencesChapter 9: Enhanced Oil Recovery9.1. Introduction9.2. Enhanced Oil Recovery Concepts9.2.1. Primary crude oil recovery9.2.2. Secondary crude oil recovery9.2.3. Tertiary crude oil recovery9.3. Role of Surfactant in Enhanced Oil Recovery9.4. Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants and Enhanced Oil Recovery9.5. Enhanced Oil Recovery with Surfactant Flooding9.5.1. Mechanism of surfactant flooding9.5.2. Impact of ILBSs structure on surfactants flooding9.5.3. Comparing effectiveness of different types of ILBSs9.6. Enhanced Oil Recovery with Micellar Flooding9.6.1. Mechanism of micellar flooding9.6.2. Impact of ILBSs structure on micellar flooding9.6.3. Comparing effectiveness of different types of ILBSs9.7. Enhanced Oil Recovery with Wettability Alteration9.7.1. Mechanism of wettability Alteration9.7.2. Impact of ILBSs structure on wettability alteration9.7.3. Comparing effectiveness of different types of ILBSs9.8. Summary9.9. ReferencesIndex I: AbbreviationsIndex II: Name of ILBSs and SurfactantsIndex III: Subject Index