Michael D. Ryall is an Associate Professor of Strategy at the University of Toronto, Canada. He teaches courses on advanced strategy analysis and on causal modeling to undergraduate, MBA and EMBA students. Prior to obtaining a PhD and becoming a full-time scholar, he held positions in consulting, general management and finance.Aaron L. Bramson is currently a researcher at the RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan. Previously he worked as a research fellow in the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto, Canada, as a software engineer at Lockheed Martin Corporation, and has taught numerous workshops on complexity, networks, and agent-based modeling around the world.