Hybridized Technologies for the Treatment of Mining Effluents

Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa. His research focuses on the hydrometallurgical extraction of metal from solid phases, the prediction of pollutants dispersion from industrial areas, and the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from polluted water. He has published more than 220 papers including journal articles, books, book chapters, and conference proceeding papers. He has won several research awards including the NSTF Award (National Science and Technology Forum: largest science, engineering, technology, and innovation awards in South Africa and are known as the “Science Oscars” of recent times) Engineering Research Capacity Development, in 2019. Bhekie B. Mamba, PhD, is the executive dean of the College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, University of South Africa. Prof Mamba is a visionary and has occupied a number of leadership positions including being a Professor and Head at Department of Applied Chemistry at the University of Johannesburg, and the Director of the Institute of Nanotechnology and Water Research at the University of Johannesburg. He has published about 7 book chapters, over 250 journal papers, about 12 technical reports, and over 50 conference proceedings. His general research interest involves developing advanced technologies for water treatment, which include nanotechnology and membrane technology.

• Preface xv1 Passive Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Phytoremediation: Role of Substrate, Plants, and External Factors in Inorganic Contaminants Removal 1Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory1.1 Introduction 21.2 Materials and Methods 41.2.1 Samples Collection and Characterization 41.2.2 Acquisition of the Plants and Reagents 51.2.3 Characterization of Samples 51.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 51.2.5 Wetlands Design and Optimization Experiments 61.2.5.1 Wetland Design 61.2.5.2 Wetland Experimental Procedure and Assays 61.2.5.3 The Performance of the System 81.2.5.4 Determination of the Translocation and Distribution of Metals 91.2.5.5 Geochemical Modeling 101.3 Results and Discussion 101.3.1 Remediation Studies 101.3.1.1 Effect of FWS-CW on pH 101.3.1.2 Effect of FWS-CW on Electrical Conductivity 111.3.1.3 Effect of FWS-CW on Sulphate Concentration 121.3.1.4 Effect of FWS-CW on Metal Concentration 131.3.1.5 Role of Substrate in Metals Accumulation 151.3.1.6 Removal Efficiency of Metals and Sulphate in the Experimental System 171.3.2 Tolerance Index, Bioaccumulation, and Translocation Effects 181.3.2.1 Tolerance Index 191.3.2.2 Bioconcentration Factor 191.3.2.3 Translocation Factor 211.3.2.4 Metal Translocation and Distribution 221.3.3 Metals Concentration in Substrate and Vetiveria zizanioides Before and After Contact With AMD 231.3.4 Partitioning of Metals Between Substrate, Plants, and External Factors 241.3.5 Characterization of Solid Samples 261.3.5.1 Elemental Composition of the Substrate 261.3.5.2 Mineralogical Composition of the Substrate 271.3.5.3 Analysis of Vetiveria zizanioides Roots for Functional Group 281.3.5.4 Scanning Electron Microscope-Electron Dispersion Spectrometry of Vetiveria zizanioides Roots 291.4 Chemical Species for Untreated and AMD-Treated Wetland With FWS-CW 311.5 Limitation of the Study 331.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 33References 342 Recovery of Strategically Important Heavy Metals from Mining Influenced Water: An Experimental Approach Based on Ion-Exchange 41Janith Abeywickrama, Marlies Grimmer and Nils HothAbbreviations 422.1 Introduction 422.2 Ion Exchange in Mine Water Treatment 442.2.1 Ion Exchange Terminology 442.2.2 Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Process 462.2.3 Selectivity of Ion-Exchange Materials 482.2.4 Chelating Cation Exchangers 492.3 Laboratory-Scale Ion Exchange Column Experiments 512.3.1 General Introduction to the Setup 512.3.2 Column Loading Process 532.3.3 Mass Transfer Zone 562.3.4 Regeneration Process (Deloading) 572.3.5 Metal Separation by Ion Exchange 582.3.6 Mass Balance Calculations 592.4 Case Study: Selective Recovery of Copper and Cobalt From a Chilean Mine Water 602.4.1 Problem Description and Objectives 602.4.2 Recovery of Copper from Mining Influenced Water 632.4.3 Cobalt Enrichment Using the Runoff Water from Previous Column Experiments 652.4.3.1 Column Experiment with TP 220 Resin Without pH Adjustment 662.4.3.2 Comparison of Breakthrough Curves in Cobalt Enrichment Experiments 672.4.4 Copper–Cobalt Separation During the Deloading Process 692.5 Case Study: Recovery of Zinc from Abandoned Mine Water Galleries in Saxony, Germany 712.6 Perspectives and Challenges 73Acknowledgments 74References 743 Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Natural Materials: A Systematic Review 79Matome L. Mothetha, Vhahangwele Masindi, Titus A.M. Msagati and Kebede K. Kefeni3.1 Introduction 803.2 Acid Mine Drainage 803.3 Formation of the Acid Mine Drainage 823.4 Potential Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 833.4.1 The Impacts of AMD on the Environment and Ecology 843.5 Acid Mine Drainage Abatement/Prevention 853.6 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal From AMD 853.6.1 Active Treatment 863.6.2 Chemical Precipitation 863.6.3 Adsorption 863.6.4 Passive Treatment 873.6.5 Other Treatment Methods 873.6.5.1 Ion Exchange 873.6.5.2 Membrane Filtration 883.6.5.3 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Using Native Materials 893.7 Conclusion 90References 904 Recent Development of Active Technologies for AMD Treatment 95Zvinowanda, CaliphsAbbreviations 964.1 Introduction 964.1.1 Difference Between Active and Nonactive AMD Treatment Methods 974.1.2 Conventional Active Techniques for AMD Treatment 974.1.2.1 Alkali/Alkaline Neutralization Processes 974.1.2.2 In Situ Active AMD Treatment Processes 1004.1.2.3 Microbiological Active AMD Treatment Systems 1014.2 Recent Developments of Active AMD Treatment Technologies 1024.2.1 Resource Recovery From Active AMD Treatment Technologies 1024.2.1.1 Continuous Counter-Current–Based Technologies 1024.2.1.2 Continuous Ion Filtration for Acid Mine Drainage Treatment 1034.2.2 The Alkali-Barium-Calcium Process 1044.2.3 Magnesium-Barium Oxide (MBO) Process 1064.2.4 HybridICE Freeze Desalination Technology 1074.2.5 Evaporation-Based Technologies 1084.2.5.1 Multieffect Membrane Distillation (MEND) for AMD Treatment 1084.2.5.2 Desalination of AMD Using Dewvaporation Process 1094.2.5.3 Membrane-Based Technologies 1094.3 Recent Disruptive Developments of AMD Treatment Technologies 1104.3.1 Tailing Technology 1104.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 1114.3.2.1 Ferrate Oxidation-Neutralization Process 1114.3.2.2 Treatment of AMD by Ozone Oxidation 1134.3.2.3 Ion-Exchange Technology for Active AMD Treatment 114References 1155 Buffering Capacity of Soils in Mining Areas and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage Formation 119Rudzani Lusunzi, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Frans WaandersAbbreviations 1205.1 Introduction 1205.2 Control of Acid Mine Drainage 1215.2.1 Water Covers 1225.2.2 Mine Land Reclamation 1225.2.3 Biocidal AMD Control 1245.2.4 Alternative Dump Construction 1245.3 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage 1245.3.1 Active Treatment 1255.3.1.1 Limestone 1255.3.1.2 Hydrated Lime 1265.3.1.3 Quicklime 1265.3.1.4 Soda Ash 1265.3.1.5 Caustic Soda 1275.3.1.6 Ammonia 1275.3.2 Passive Treatment 1285.3.2.1 Biological Passive Treatment Systems 1295.3.2.2 Geochemical Passive Treatment Systems 1335.3.3 Emerging Passive Treatment Systems 1355.3.3.1 Phytoremediation 135References 1386 Novel Approaches to Passive and Semi-Passive Treatment of Zinc‐Bearing Circumneutral Mine Waters in England and Wales 147Kennedy, J., Okeme, I.C. and Sapsford D.J.6.1 Introduction 1486.1.1 Active Treatment Options for Zn 1516.1.2 Passive Treatment Options for Zn 1536.2 Hybrid Semi-Passive Treatment: Na2 Co3 Dosing and Other Water Treatment Reagents 1556.2.1 Abbey Consols Mine Water 1566.2.2 Laboratory Scale Na2 Co3 Dosing 1586.2.3 Practical Implementation of Na2 Co3 Dosing 1596.3 Polishing of Trace Metals With Vertical Flow Reactors 1626.4 Concluding Remarks 165References 1677 Recovery of Drinking Water and Valuable Metals From Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water Through a Combined Biological, Chemical, and Physical Treatment Process 177Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Kwena Desmond Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mamasegare Mabel Mphahlele-Makgwane7.1 Introduction 1787.1.1 General Problem with Mine Water 1787.1.2 Legislation 1797.1.3 Ideal Solution 1807.2 Objectives 1807.3 Literature 1817.3.1 Mine Water Treatment Processes 1817.3.1.1 Limestone 1817.3.1.2 Gypsum Crystallization and Inhibition 1827.3.1.3 Roc 1837.3.1.4 Biological Iron (II) Oxidation 1837.3.1.5 Selective Metal Removal 1847.3.2 Solubilities 1847.3.3 Pigment 1857.4 Materials and Methods 1857.4.1 Fe 2+ Oxidation 1857.4.1.1 Feedstock 1857.4.1.2 Equipment 1877.4.1.3 Procedure 1877.4.1.4 Experimental 1887.4.2 Neutralization (CaCO 3 , Na2 Co3 and MgO) 1887.4.2.1 Feedstock 1887.4.2.2 Equipment 1887.4.2.3 Procedure 1897.4.2.4 Experimental 1897.4.3 pH 7.5 Sludge From Na2 Co3 as Alkali for Fe 3+ Removal 1897.4.3.1 Feedstock 1897.4.3.2 Equipment 1897.4.3.3 Procedure 1897.4.3.4 Experimental 1907.4.4 Inhibition 1907.4.4.1 Feedstock 1907.4.4.2 Equipment 1907.4.4.3 Procedure 1907.4.4.4 Experimental 1907.4.5 MgO/SiO 2 Separation 1907.4.5.1 Feedstock 1907.4.5.2 Equipment 1917.4.5.3 Procedure 1917.4.5.4 Experimental 1917.4.6 SiO 2 Removal 1927.4.7 Pigment Formation 1927.4.7.1 Feedstock 1927.4.7.2 Equipment 1927.4.7.3 Procedure 1927.4.7.4 Experimental 1927.4.8 Analytical 1927.4.9 Characterization of the Sludge 1937.4.10 Oli 1937.5 Results and Discussion 1947.5.1 Chemical Composition 1947.5.2 Biological Fe 2+ -Oxidation 1947.5.3 CaCO 3 as Alkali for Removal of Fe 3+ and Remaining Metals 1997.5.3.1 Limestone Neutralization 1997.5.3.2 pH 7.5 Sludge from Na2 Co3 as Alkali for Fe +3 Removal 2007.5.4 MgO and Na2 Co3 as Alkalis for Selective Removal of Fe 3+ and Al 3+ 2047.5.4.1 Fe 3+ Removal with MgO 2047.5.4.2 Al 3+ Removal with Na2 Co3 2087.5.4.3 Metal Behavior as Predicted by OLI Simulations 2087.5.5 Gypsum Crystallization 2167.5.5.1 Kinetics Gypsum Seed Crystal Concentration and Reaction Order 2197.5.5.2 Inhibition of Gypsum Crystallization in the Absence of Fe(OH) 3 at Neutral pH 2197.5.6 Separation of MgO and SiO 2 2307.5.7 Si 4+ Removal from Solution 2327.5.8 Fe(OH) 3 Purity and Pigment Formation 2327.5.9 Economic Feasibility 2367.6 Conclusions 238Acknowledgment 239References 2398 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies: Challenges and Future Perspectives 245Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory8.1 Introduction 2468.2 Acid Mine Drainage 2478.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Formation 2488.2.2 Roles of Different Factors Influencing AMD Formation 2508.2.2.1 Role of Bacteria in Acid Mine Drainage Generation 2508.2.2.2 Role of Oxygen in Acid Mine Drainage Generation 2518.2.2.3 Role of Water in Acid Mine Drainage Generation 2528.2.2.4 Other Factors Influencing the Generation of AMD 2528.3 Types of Mine Drainage 2528.3.1 Neutral/Alkaline Mine Drainage 2538.4 Physicochemical Properties of AMD 2538.4.1 Physical Properties 2538.4.2 Chemical Properties 2548.5 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 2548.6 AMD Abatement 2568.6.1 Alkaline Amendment Tailing 2568.6.2 Oxygen Barriers 2578.6.3 Reclamation of Contaminated Land 2578.6.4 Bacteria Control 2578.6.5 Water Cover 2578.7 Treatment Technologies of AMD 2588.7.1 Active Treatment of AMD 2588.7.2 Passive Treatment 2608.7.2.1 Wetlands 2618.7.2.2 Emerging Passive Treatment Technologies: Phytoremediation 2638.7.3 Other Commonly Used Passive Treatment Technologies 2648.7.3.1 Anaerobic Sulphate-Reducing Bioreactors (Biological Treatment) 2648.7.3.2 Anoxic Limestone Drains 2658.7.3.3 Vertical Flow Wetlands 2658.7.3.4 Limestone Leach Beds 2668.7.4 Hybrid Approach in AMD Treatment 2668.7.5 Integrated Approach 2678.8 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal in AMD Treatment 2698.8.1 Adsorption 2698.8.2 Precipitation 2708.8.3 Ion Exchange 2708.8.4 Bioadsorption 2718.8.5 Filtration 2718.8.6 Electrodialysis 2728.8.7 Crystallization 2728.9 Recovery of Natural Resources From AMD 2738.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges of AMD Treatment 2748.11 Conclusion 275References 275Index 287