Holographic Data Storage

Kevin Curtis is the author of Holographic Data Storage: From Theory to Practical Systems, published by Wiley.Lisa Dhar is the author of Holographic Data Storage: From Theory to Practical Systems, published by Wiley.Adrian Hill is the author of Holographic Data Storage: From Theory to Practical Systems, published by Wiley.William Wilson is the author of Holographic Data Storage: From Theory to Practical Systems, published by Wiley.Mark Ayres is the author of Holographic Data Storage: From Theory to Practical Systems, published by Wiley.

• Foreword xvPreface xviiList of Contributors xix1 Introduction 1Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar and Liz Murphy1.1 The Road to Holographic Data Storage 11.2 Holographic Data Storage 31.2.1 Why Now? 31.2.2 Focus of the Book 51.2.3 Other Examples of System using the InPhase Architecture 71.3 Holographic Data Storage Markets 81.3.1 Professional Archival Storage 81.3.2 Consumer Applications 111.4 Summary 14Acknowledgements 14References 142 Introduction to Holographic Data Recording 17William Wilson, Alan Hoskins, Mark Ayres, Adrian Hill and Kevin Curtis2.1 Introduction 172.2 Brief History of Holography 182.3 Holographic Basics 192.3.1 Introduction 192.3.2 Using Holography for Data Storage 222.4 Volume Holograms 242.4.1 Introduction 242.4.2 Kogelnik’s Coupled Wave Equations 252.4.3 k-Space Formalism 262.5 Multiplexing Techniques 312.5.1 Introduction 312.5.2 Bragg-Based Techniques 322.5.3 Momentum-Based Techniques 342.5.4 Correlation-Based Techniques 382.5.5 Combinations of Multiplexing Methods 402.6 Address Space Limitations on Holographic Densities 412.7 Summary 42References 423 Drive Architectures 45Kevin Curtis, Adrian Hill and Mark Ayres3.1 Introduction 453.2 Collinear/Coaxial Architecture 453.2.1 Introduction 453.2.2 Coaxial Architecture 463.2.3 Collinear Architecture 483.3 InPhase Architecture 493.3.1 Introduction 493.3.2 Angle-Polytopic, Phase Conjugate Architecture (InPhase Architecture) 513.4 Monocular Architecture 543.4.1 Introduction 543.4.2 Monocular Implementation 563.4.3 Experimental System 583.4.4 Preliminary Experimental Results 59Acknowledgements 61References 624 Drive Components 65Kevin Curtis and Brad Sissom4.1 Introduction 654.2 Laser 654.2.1 Initial Tapestry Drive Laser Specification 664.2.2 Optical System Configuration 674.2.3 Electronics 694.2.4 Mode Sensor 694.2.5 Power Sensor 704.2.6 Wavelength Sensor 704.2.7 Characteristics of Optical Power and Tuning Range 714.2.8 Probability of Single-mode Operation 724.2.9 Laser Mode Servo 734.2.10 Lifetime of AR Coated Laser Diode 734.2.11 Future Developments 734.3 SLM 754.3.1 Introduction 754.3.2 Available SLM Technologies 764.3.3 Tapestry Drive SLM Specifications 774.3.4 Consumer SLM Specification 784.4 Image Sensor 794.4.1 Introduction 794.4.2 Tapestry Drive CMOS Sensor 804.4.3 Image Sensors for Consumer HDS 814.5 Beam Scanners 824.5.1 Introduction 824.5.2 Galvanometer 834.5.3 Mechanical Based Scanners 844.5.4 MEMs Scanners 854.5.5 Liquid Crystal Based Scanners 864.5.6 Acousto-Optic Beam Scanner 864.6 Isoplanatic Lenses 874.6.1 Introduction 874.6.2 Characteristics of Isoplanatic Lenses 884.6.3 Extremely Isoplanatic Holographic Storage Lens 884.6.4 Examples – Symmetric and Asymmetric Phase Conjugation 904.6.5 Lens Design Notes: Phase Conjugation and Extreme Isoplanatism 924.7 Polytopic Filter 944.7.1 Introduction 944.7.2 Current Polytopic Filter 954.7.3 Mechanical Filtering 964.7.4 Interference Filters 974.7.5 Thin Film Coating on Curved Surface 98Acknowledgements 100References 1015 Materials for Holography 105Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar and William Wilson5.1 Introduction 1055.2 Requirements for Materials for HDS 1075.2.1 Index Change (M/#) 1075.2.2 Dimensional Stability 1075.2.3 Photosensitivity 1105.2.4 Scatter 1105.2.5 Absorption Properties 1105.2.6 Birefringence 1115.2.7 Optical Quality 1115.2.8 Manufacturability 1115.3 Candidate Material Systems 1115.3.1 Photorefractive Materials 1115.3.2 Photoaddressable Systems 1135.3.3 Photochromic Systems 1145.3.4 Photopolymer Systems 1155.3.5 Other Materials 1165.4 Summary 117References 1176 Photopolymer Recording Materials 121Fred Askham and Lisa Dhar6.1 Introduction to Photopolymers 1216.1.1 The Holographic Recording Process 1216.1.2 General Characteristics of Photopolymers 1216.1.3 Tapestry Two-Chemistry Photopolymer Materials 1236.2 Photopolymer Design 1236.2.1 Host Matrix Systems of Photopolymers 1236.2.2 Photoreactive System of Photopolymers 1246.3 Holographic Recording in Photopolymers 1276.3.1 Hologram Formation Through Diffusion in Photopolymers 1276.3.2 General Use in a HDS System 1276.4 Rewritable 130References 1327 Media Manufacturing 133David Michaels and Lisa Dhar7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Tapestry Media Overview 1337.2.1 Overview of Disk Structure 1337.3 Media Manufacturing Process 1357.3.1 Flow of the Manufacturing Process 1357.3.2 Molding of Substrates 1367.3.3 Anti-Reflection Coating 1367.3.4 Hub and Inner Sealing 1367.3.5 Bonding 1377.3.6 Edge and Center Plug Sealing 1407.3.7 Cartridging 1417.4 Specifications for the Tapestry Media 1427.4.1 Substrates 1427.4.2 Recording Layer 1457.4.3 Assembled Media 1457.4.4 Media Performance and Characteristics 1487.5 Manufacturing of Higher Performance Tapestry Media 148Acknowledgements 148References 1498 Media Testing 151Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar, Alan Hoskins, Mark Ayres and Edeline Fotheringham8.1 Introduction 1518.2 Plane Wave Material Testing 1518.2.1 Introduction 1518.2.2 Plane Wave Tester Set-up 1528.2.3 Measurements and Analysis 1548.2.4 Two Plane Wave Material Testing 1578.3 Bulk Index Measurements 1628.4 Scatter Tester 1628.5 Spectrophotometers/Spectrometers 1648.6 Scanning Index Microscope 1658.6.1 Overview 1658.6.2 System Layout 1668.6.3 System Response 1668.6.4 Experimental Example 1688.7 Interferometers 1708.8 Research Edge Wedge Tester 1728.9 Defect Detection 1748.10 Digital Testing of Media Properties 1758.10.1 Scatter 1758.10.2 Media Sensitivities and M/# Usage 1768.10.3 Media Timing Tests 1768.10.4 Media Termination Test 1768.11 Accelerated Lifetime Testing 1778.11.1 Introduction 1778.11.2 Media Shelf Life Testing 1778.11.3 Disk Archive Testing 1788.11.4 Edge Seal Testing 181Acknowledgements 182References 1829 Tapestry Drive Implementation 185Kevin Curtis, Ken Anderson, Adrian Hill and Aaron Wegner9.1 Introduction 1859.2 Optical Implementation 1889.2.1 Architecture 1889.2.2 Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) 1909.2.3 Shutter 1919.2.4 Optical Divider 1929.2.5 Data Path 1949.2.6 Reference Path 1969.2.7 Cure System and Toaster 1999.3 Mechanical Implementation 2009.3.1 Loader 2009.3.2 Cooling 2009.3.3 Integrated Vibration Isolation System and Sway Space 2019.4 Electronics and Firmware 2029.4.1 Electronics 2029.4.2 Firmware 2059.5 Basic Build Process 2099.5.1 Overview 2099.5.2 Drive Alignment for Interchange 2129.6 Defect Detection 2149.7 Read and Write Transfer Rate Models 2169.7.1 Simple Write Transfer Rate Model 2179.7.2 Simple Read Transfer Rate Model 2179.8 Summary 219Acknowledgements 220References 22010 Data Channel Modeling 221Lakshmi Ramamoorthy, V. K. Vijaya Kumar, Alan Hoskins and Kevin Curtis10.1 Introduction 22110.2 Physical Model 22210.2.1 Introduction 22210.2.2 Details of Model 22310.2.3 Quality Metrics for the Model 22510.2.4 Implementation Details and Effects of Parameter Variations 22710.3 Channel Identification 23710.3.1 Introduction 23710.3.2 Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Channel Identification 23910.4 Simple Channel Models 24110.4.1 Amplitude Model 242Acknowledgements 244References 24511 Data Channel 247Adrian Hill, Mark Ayres, Kevin Curtis and Tod Earhart11.1 Overview 24711.2 Data Page Formatting 24811.2.1 Sync Marks 24911.2.2 Headers (Bar Codes) 24911.2.3 Reserved Blocks 25011.2.4 Border Regions 25011.2.5 Data Interleaving 25011.2.6 Modulation 25211.3 Data Channel Metrics 25211.3.1 Signal to Noise Ratio 25311.3.2 Centroid Calculation 25411.3.3 Intensity Metrics 25511.3.4 Signal to Scatter Ratio 25511.4 Oversampled Detection 25611.4.1 Introduction 25611.4.2 Resampling Process 25711.4.3 Alignment Measurement Method 26111.4.4 Experimental Results 26411.5 Page Level Error Correction 26511.5.1 Log Likelihood Ratio 26511.5.2 Page Level ECC 26711.6 Fixed-Point Simulation of Data Channel 26811.7 Logical Format 27211.7.1 Introduction 27211.7.2 Terminology 274Acknowledgements 276References 27712 Future Data Channel Research 281Mark Ayres and Kevin Curtis12.1 Introduction 28112.2 Homodyne Detection 28112.2.1 Introduction 28112.2.2 Local Oscillator Generation 28412.2.3 Quadrature Image Pairs 28512.2.4 Estimating Phase Difference Dw(x,y) 28712.2.5 Quadrature Image Combination 29012.2.6 Quadrature Image Resampling 29212.2.7 Coherent Noise Linearization 29312.2.8 Simulation Results 29412.2.9 Phase Sensitivity Issues 29612.2.10 Local Oscillator and Hologram Alignment 29712.2.11 Adaptive Homodyne Detection 29812.3 Phase Quadrature Holographic Multiplexing 30012.3.1 Phase-Quadrature Recording 30012.3.2 Phase-Quadrature Recovery 30212.3.3 Reserved Block Equalization 30212.3.4 Simulation of Phase-Quadrature Decoding 30312.3.5 Summary of Improvements 30312.4 Other Research Directions 304Acknowledgements 304References 30513 Writing Strategies and Disk Formatting 307Kevin Curtis, Edeline Fotheringham and Paul Smith13.1 Introduction 30713.2 Media Consumption 30813.2.1 Introduction 30813.2.2 Minimizing the Hologram Size 30813.2.3 FT Lens Design 30913.2.4 Phase Mask 31113.2.5 Short Stacking 31413.2.6 Skip Sorted Recording Within and Between Tracks 31613.2.7 Angular Scheduling of Holograms in a Book 31813.2.8 Angular Fractional Page Interleaving 31813.3 Scheduling and Write Pre-compensation 32013.3.1 Introduction 32013.3.2 Basic Scheduling 32013.3.3 Pre-cure Calibration 32213.3.4 Write Pre-compensation Process 32513.3.5 Thermal Effects on Schedule 32713.4 Media Formatting 32913.4.1 Introduction 32913.4.2 Considerations 32913.4.3 Format Types with Examples 33113.4.4 Format Files 335Acknowledgements 336References 33614 Servo and Drive Control 339Alan Hoskins, Mark Ayres and Kevin Curtis14.1 Introduction 33914.2 Holographic System Tolerances 34014.2.1 Introduction 34014.2.2 Experimental and Modeled Tolerances 34314.2.3 Tolerance Summary 35014.2.4 Tolerance Analysis 35114.3 Algorithms 35314.3.1 Introduction 35314.3.2 Theory of Thermal and Pitch Compensation 35414.3.3 Dither Align 35814.3.4 Wobble Servo 36014.3.5 Other Algorithms 36314.4 Drive Controls 36314.4.1 Introduction 36314.4.2 Record Operation 36314.4.3 Read Operation 36614.4.4 Interchange Operation 36814.4.5 Locating Page 0 369Acknowledgements 371References 37115 Holographic Read Only Memories 373Ernest Chuang and Kevin Curtis15.1 Introduction 37315.2 System Design Considerations 37515.3 Reader Design 37715.3.1 Optics and Optomechanics 37715.3.2 Drive Mechanism 37815.3.3 Mirror Design and Control 37815.3.4 Electronics 38015.3.5 Camera Development 38015.3.6 Power Consumption 38115.3.7 Data Channel 38115.4 Media Design 38315.5 Two-Step Mastering 38515.6 Mastering and Replicating Disk Media 39015.7 Sub-mastering System 39215.8 Mastering System 39315.9 Replicating System 39415.10 Margin Tester System 39415.11 Experimental Results 39515.12 Asymmetric Phase Conjugation 39615.13 Non Fourier Plane Polytopic Filter Designs 39715.14 Cost Estimates 39815.15 Product Roadmap 39815.16 Summary and Future Improvements 399Acknowledgements 400References 40016 Future Developments 403Kevin Curtis, Lisa Dhar, Liz Murphy and Adrian Hill16.1 Technology Evolution 40316.1.1 Archive Drive and Media Evolution 40316.1.2 Monocular and Holographic Read Only Memory (HROM) Drives 40416.1.3 Breakthrough Developments 40516.2 New Applications 40516.2.1 Archival Storage Market including Near Online Storage 40516.2.2 Content Addressable Storage 40616.2.3 Back-Up Application 40716.2.4 Fixed Disk Applications 40716.2.5 New Markets 40716.3 Summary 408References 408Index 409