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Mayan civilization, renowned for its mathematics, writing, architecture, religion, calendrics, and agriculture, fascinates scholars and a wide lay public as archaeology and glyphic decipherment reveal more of its secrets. In this pathfinding study of the Mayan language family, John S. Robertson explores major changes that have occurred in the core of Mayan grammar from the earliest, reconstructed ancestral language down through the colonial languages to the modern languages that are spoken today.Building on groundwork already laid in phonological studies and in the study of the pronominal system, Robertson's examination of tense/ aspect/ mood/voice is the next logical step in the general linguistic study of Mayan. Robertson offers careful consideration of all the major subgroups of Mayan, from Yucatecan to Quichean, as they are spoken today. He also draws extensively on colonial documents assembled by bilingual Spanish-Mayan speaking clerics. These documents provide a check on the accuracy of both the reconstructed ancient language, Common Mayan, and the theoretical evolution of the modern languages from this ancestor. The study will also be of value to students of the Maya glyphs, since it discusses the grammatical system that most probably underlies the glyphic representations.Beyond its obvious interest for Mayan linguistics, the study proposes a theory of language change that will be important for all students of comparative linguistics. Robertson's work sets forth the basic, universal assumptions that provide for an appropriate description of the grammatical systems of all languages. It will be a significant reference for future researchers.
John S. Robertson is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at Brigham Young University and author of numerous studies of the Mayan languages.
AbbreviationsPrefaceChapter 1. Introduction The Comparative Historical Method and the Mayan LanguagesChapter 2. Deductive Principles of Language Change The Peircian Notion of SignThe Organization of Linguistic Signs into Grammatical SystemsSystems of OppositionsOpposition and ClassificationA Definition of Index, Icon, and SymbolConformative, Reciprocal, and Constructive in Grammatical SystemsPrinciples of Diachronic ChangeInfluenceMarkedness ReversalThe Hierarchical Status of Syntagmatic Combination and Paradigmatic CumulationIntroductive ChangeDisplacementSummaryChapter 3. The System of TAMV in the Common Language Predicates and ArgumentsVoice and TransitivityArguments of Predicates and PrepositionsAspectual vs. Nonaspectual PredicationERGATIVE and ABSOLUTIVE PronounsSplit ErgativityINHERENT vs. REDUCTIVE VOICEOBJECT INCORPORATIONSubstantival TransitivitySubstantival “Voice”The Reconstruction of the Markers for Single and Double ArgumentsThe Four Major Prefixal CategoriesCOMPLETIVE/INCOMPLETIVEThe Relationship between COMPLETIVE Aspect and PAST TenseOPTATIVEFUTURETAMV in the Context of More than One PredicationThe Category ABS-VOICEThe Category NOM-VOICEThe Category ABS-MOODThe Category NOM-MOODThe Relationship between NOM-VOICE and NOM-MOODAnother Kind of NominalizationThe Relationship between NOM-VOICE (Progressive) and the INCOMPLETIVEThe Influence of NOM-MOOD on the FUTUREChapter 4. Mamean MamCOMPLETIVEInfluence of the PROGRESSIVE on the INCOMPLETIVESummary of MamAwakatekThe INCOMPLETIVEDependent and Independent Clauses in the PROXIMATE PASTInfluence of the INCOMPLETIVE by NOM-VOICEDisplacement of FUTURE by OPTATIVEThe Directional Verbs: ABS-MOOD and NOM-MOODSummary of AwakatekIxilINCOMPLETIVE, COMPLETIVE, OPTATIVE, and FUTUREDirectional VerbsConclusionChapter 5. K'iche'an K'iche'Colonial K'iche': INCOMPLETIVE, OPTATIVE, and COMPLETIVEColonial K'iche' FUTUREModern K'iche'COMPLETIVE, INCOMPLETIVE, OPTATIVE, and FUTUREThe Directional VerbsSummary of Colonial K'iche'Colonial KaqchikelCOMPLETIVE, INCOMPLETIVE, OPTATIVE, and FUTURESummary of KaqchikelTz'utujilCOMPLETIVE, INCOMPLETIVE, OPTATIVE, and FUTURESummary of Tz'utujilPoqomCOMPLETIVEFUTUREAnother INCOMPLETIVEModern Poqomchi'Summary of PoqomQ'eqchi'INCOMPLETIVE and COMPLETIVEOPTATIVE and FUTUREFrom Colonial to Modern Q'eqchi'COMPLETIVE, INCOMPLETIVE, OPTATIVE, and FUTURESummary of Q'eqchi'Chapter 6. Q'anjob'alan Q'anjob'alCOMPLETIVE and PROXIMATE PASTINCOMPLETIVEOPTATIVE and FUTUREThe Directional VerbsSummary of Q'anjob'alJakaltekCOMPLETIVE and PROXIMATE PASTFUTURESummary of JakaltekChujCOMPLETIVE and PROXIMATE PASTINCOMPLETIVEOPTATIVEFUTURESummary of ChujChapter 7. CholtÍ and Chorti' CholtÍPROGRESSIVE, INCOMPLETIVE, and FUTUREFrom CholtÍ to Chorti'Loss of INCOMPLETIVE/COMPLETIVE/FUTUREThe Negative in Common Mayan, CholtÍ, and Chorti'The Fate of the Common Mayan Suffixes *-ik, *-O, *-oq, and -A?Summary of CholtÍ/Chorti'Chapter 8. Tzeltalan Pre-Tzeltalan COMPLETIVE and PROXIMATE PASTPronominal AffixationThe INCOMPLETIVE in TzeltalanThe FUTURE and the OPTATIVE in TzeltalanFrom the Colonial to the Modern Tzeltalan LanguagesFrom Colonial to Modern TzeltalCOMPLETIVE/INCOMPLETIVE with TRANSITIVE/INTRANSITIVEThe Tzeltalan INCOMPLETIVESummary of TzeltalanTojolab'alChapter 9. Yukatek Maya Colonial YukatekanVoice: Replacement of NOMINATIVE VOICE by RELATIVE VOICEReplacement of the INCOMPLETIVE by the NOMINATIVE VOICEColonial Yukatek Maya FUTUREThe COMPLETIVE in Colonial Yukatek MayaFrom Colonial to Modern Yukatek MayaSummary of Yukatek MayaChapter 10. Huastec Summary of HuastecChapter 11. Summary ChainingBibliographyIndex
