High Voltage Direct Current Transmission
Converters, Systems and DC Grids
Inbunden, Engelska, 2015
1 639 kr
Finns i fler format (1)
Produktinformation
- Utgivningsdatum2015-09-25
- Mått178 x 252 x 25 mm
- Vikt789 g
- FormatInbunden
- SpråkEngelska
- Antal sidor456
- FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
- ISBN9781118846667
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Professor Dragan Jovcic, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UKProfessor Jovcic has been with the University of Aberdeen since 2004. Between 2000 and 2004 he worked as a Lecturer with the University of Ulster. He was a Design Engineer in the New Zealand power industry between 1999 and 2000, and a visiting professor on a 6-months appointment at McGill University, Canada in 2008. His research career has focused on HVDC, FACTS and DC grids. Professor Jovcic has published around 80 articles related to HVDC and power electronics applications, to transmission systems. He has supervised numerous externally funded research projects with the total budget of over £2.5million. He has thirteen years of university teaching experience in the subjects of electrical engineering and control in UK. Professor Jovcic is Senior member of IEEE and a CIGRE member; he is also a member of three CIGRE working groups.Dr Khaled Ahmed, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UKDr Ahmed has been working in the renewable energy field for more than eight years. He has been a researcher on two main projects sponsored by the EPSRC research council. He is a senior member of the IEEE industrial electronics society and has published over 53 technical papers in refereed journals and conferences related to renewable energy applications, modular multilevel converter based applications, and HVDC systems. Dr Ahmed has eleven years of university teaching experience in the subjects of electrical engineering, power electronics and control in Egypt and the UK. Recently, he was part of a 2-lecturer team who designed and delivered a continuing professional development (CPD) course on HVDC for the SSE HVDC technology engineering team (SSE is a leading electricity and gas company, operating mainly in the UK and Ireland).
- ContentsPreface xiPart I HVDC with Current Source Converters 11 Introduction to Line-Commutated HVDC 31.1 HVDC Applications 31.2 Line-Commutated HVDC Components 51.3 DC Cables and Overhead Lines 61.4 LCC HVDC Topologies 71.5 Losses in LCC HVDC Systems 91.6 Conversion of AC Lines to DC 101.7 Ultra-High Voltage HVDC 102 Thyristors 122.1 Operating Characteristics 122.2 Switching Characteristic 132.3 Losses in HVDC Thyristors 172.4 Valve Structure and Thyristor Snubbers 202.5 Thyristor Rating Selection and Overload Capability 223 Six-Pulse Diode and Thyristor Converter 233.1 Three-Phase Uncontrolled Bridge 233.2 Three-Phase Thyristor Rectifier 253.3 Analysis of Commutation Overlap in a Thyristor Converter 263.4 Active and Reactive Power in a Three-Phase Thyristor Converter 303.5 Inverter Operation 314 HVDC Rectifier Station Modelling, Control and Synchronization with AC Systems 354.1 HVDC Rectifier Controller 354.2 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) 365 HVDC Inverter Station Modelling and Control 405.1 Inverter Controller 405.2 Commutation Failure 426 HVDC System V-I Diagrams and Operating Modes 456.1 HVDC-Equivalent Circuit 456.2 HVDC V-I Operating Diagram 456.3 HVDC Power Reversal 487 HVDC Analytical Modelling and Stability 537.1 Introduction to Converters and HVDC Modelling 537.2 HVDC Analytical Model 547.3 CIGRE HVDC Benchmark Model 567.4 Converter Modelling, Linearization and Gain Scheduling 567.5 AC System Modelling for HVDC Stability Studies 587.6 LCC Converter Transformer Model 627.7 DC System Model 637.8 HVDC-HVAC System Model 657.9 Analytical Dynamic Model Verification 657.10 Basic HVDC Dynamic Analysis 667.11 HVDC Second Harmonic Instability 707.12 Oscillations of 100 Hz on the DC Side 718 HVDC Phasor Modelling and Interactions with AC System 728.1 Converter and DC System Phasor Model 728.2 Phasor AC System Model and Interaction with the DC System 738.3 Inverter AC Voltage and Power Profile as DC Current is Increasing 758.4 Influence of Converter Extinction Angle 768.5 Influence of Shunt Reactive Power Compensation 788.6 Influence of Load at the Converter Terminals 788.7 Influence of Operating Mode (DC Voltage Control Mode) 788.8 Rectifier Operating Mode 809 HVDC Operation with Weak AC Systems 829.1 Introduction 829.2 Short-Circuit Ratio and Equivalent Short-Circuit Ratio 829.3 Power Transfer between Two AC Systems 859.4 Phasor Study of Converter Interactions with Weak AC Systems 899.5 System Dynamics (Small Signal Stability) with Low SCR 909.6 Control and Main Circuit Solutions for Weak AC Grids 909.7 LCC HVDC with SVC (Static VAR Compensator) 919.8 Capacitor-Commutated Converters for HVDC 939.9 AC System with Low Inertia 9310 Fault Management and HVDC System Protection 9810.1 Introduction 9810.2 DC Line Faults 9810.3 AC System Faults 10110.4 System Reconfiguration for Permanent DC Faults 10310.5 Overvoltage Protection 10611 LCC HVDC System Harmonics 10711.1 Harmonic Performance Criteria 10711.2 Harmonic Limits 10811.3 Thyristor Converter Harmonics 10911.4 Harmonic Filters 11011.5 Noncharacteristic Harmonic Reduction Using HVDC Controls 118Bibliography Part I Line Commutated Converter HVDC 119Part II HVDC with Voltage Source Converters 12112 VSC HVDC Applications and Topologies, Performance and Cost Comparison with LCC HVDC 12312.1 Voltage Source Converters (VSC) 12312.2 Comparison with Line-Commutated Converter (LCC) HVDC 12512.3 Overhead and Subsea/Underground VSC HVDC Transmission 12612.4 DC Cable Types with VSC HVDC 12912.5 Monopolar and Bipolar VSC HVDC Systems 12912.6 VSC HVDC Converter Topologies 13012.7 VSC HVDC Station Components 13512.8 AC Reactors 13912.9 DC Reactors 13913 IGBT Switches and VSC Converter Losses 14113.1 Introduction to IGBT and IGCT 14113.2 General VSC Converter Switch Requirements 14213.3 IGBT Technology 14213.4 Development of High Power IGBT Devices 14713.5 IEGT Technology 14813.6 Losses Calculation 14813.7 Balancing Challenges in Series IGBT Chains 15413.8 Snubbers Circuits 15514 Single-Phase and Three-Phase Two-Level VSC Converters 15614.1 Introduction 15614.2 Single-Phase Voltage Source Converter 15614.3 Three-Phase Voltage Source Converter 15914.4 Square-Wave, Six-Pulse Operation 15915 Two-Level PWM VSC Converters 16715.1 Introduction 16715.2 PWM Modulation 16715.3 Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation (SPWM) 16815.4 Third Harmonic Injection (THI) 17115.5 Selective Harmonic Elimination Modulation (SHE) 17215.6 Converter Losses for Two-Level SPWM VSC 17315.7 Harmonics with Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) 17515.8 Comparison of PWM Modulation Techniques 17816 Multilevel VSC Converters 18016.1 Introduction 18016.2 Modulation Techniques for Multilevel Converters 18216.3 Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Converter 18316.4 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter 18516.5 H-Bridge Cascaded Converter 18616.6 Half Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) 18716.7 MMC Based on Full Bridge Topology 20016.8 Comparison of Multilevel Topologies 20817 Two-Level PWM VSC HVDC Modelling, Control and Dynamics 20917.1 PWM Two-Level Converter Average Model 20917.2 Two-Level PWM Converter Model in DQ Frame 21017.3 VSC Converter Transformer Model 21217.4 Two-Level VSC Converter and AC Grid Model in ABC Frame 21317.5 Two-Level VSC Converter and AC Grid Model in DQ Rotating Coordinate Frame 21317.6 VSC Converter Control Principles 21417.7 The Inner Current Controller Design 21517.8 Outer Controller Design 21817.9 Complete VSC Converter Controller 22117.10 Small-Signal Linearized VSC HVDC Model 22417.11 Small-Signal Dynamic Studies 22418 Two-Level VSC HVDC Phasor-Domain Interaction with AC Systems and PQ Operating Diagrams 22618.1 Power Exchange between Two AC Voltage Sources 22618.2 Converter Phasor Model and Power Exchange with an AC System 23018.3 Phasor Study of VSC Converter Interaction with AC System 23218.4 Operating Limits 23418.5 Design Point Selection 23618.6 Influence of AC System Strength 23918.7 Influence of Transformer Reactance 24318.8 Operation with Very Weak AC Systems 24719 Half Bridge MMC Converter: Modelling, Control and Operating PQ Diagrams 25419.1 Half Bridge MMC Converter Average Model in ABC Frame 25419.2 Half-Bridge MMC Converter-Static DQ Frame and Phasor Model 25719.3 Differential Current at Second Harmonic 26219.4 Complete MMC Converter DQ Model in Matrix Form 26319.5 Second Harmonic Circulating Current Suppression Controller 26419.6 DQ Frame Model of MMC with Circulating Current Controller 26719.7 Phasor Model of MMC with Circulating Current Suppression Controller 26919.8 Dynamic MMC Model Using Equivalent Series Capacitor CMMC 27019.9 Full Dynamic Analytical MMC Model 27319.10 MMC Converter Controller 27519.11 MMC Total Series Reactance in the Phasor Model 27519.12 MMC VSC Interaction with AC System and PQ Operating Diagrams 27720 VSC HVDC under AC and DC Fault Conditions 28020.1 Introduction 28020.2 Faults on the AC System 28020.3 DC Faults with Two-Level VSC 28120.4 Influence of DC Capacitors 28620.5 VSC Converter Modelling under DC Faults and VSC Diode Bridge 28720.6 Converter-Mode Transitions as DC Voltage Reduces 29420.7 DC Faults with Half-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter 29420.8 DC Faults with Full-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter 29821 VSC HVDC Application for AC Grid Support and Operation with Passive AC Systems 30221.1 VSC HVDC High-Level Controls and AC Grid Support 30221.2 HVDC Embedded inside an AC Grid 30321.3 HVDC Connecting Two Separate AC Grids 30421.4 HVDC in Parallel with AC 30421.5 Operation with a Passive AC System and Black Start Capability 30521.6 VSC HVDC Operation with Offshore Wind Farms 30521.7 VSC HVDC Supplying Power Offshore and Driving a MW-Size Variable-Speed Motor 307Bibliography Part II Voltage Source Converter HVDC 309Part III DC Transmission Grids 31122 Introduction to DC Grids 31322.1 DC versus AC Transmission 31322.2 Terminology 31422.3 DC Grid Planning, Topology and Power-Transfer Security 31422.4 Technical Challenges 31522.5 DC Grid Building by Multiple Manufacturers 31622.6 Economic Aspects 31623 DC Grids with Line-Commutated Converters 31723.1 Multiterminal HVDC 31723.2 Italy–Corsica–Sardinia Multiterminal HVDC Link 31823.3 Connecting LCC Converter to a DC Grid 31923.4 Control of LCC Converters in DC Grids 32123.5 Control of LCC DC Grids through DC Voltage Droop Feedback 32123.6 Managing LCC DC Grid Faults 32323.7 Reactive Power Issues 32523.8 Large LCC Rectifier Stations in DC Grids 32524 DC Grids with Voltage Source Converters and Power-Flow Model 32624.1 Connecting a VSC Converter to a DC Grid 32624.2 DC Grid Power Flow Model 32724.3 DC Grid Power Flow under DC Faults 33125 DC Grid Control 33425.1 Introduction 33425.2 Fast Local VSC Converter Control in DC Grids 33425.3 DC Grid Dispatcher with Remote Communication 33625.4 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary DC Grid Control 33725.5 DC Voltage Droop Control for VSC Converters in DC Grids 33825.6 Three-Level Control for VSC Converters with Dispatcher Droop 33925.7 Power Flow Algorithm When DC Powers are Regulated 34025.8 Power Flow and Control Study of CIGRE DC Grid-Test System 34426 DC Grid Fault Management and DC Circuit Breakers 34926.1 Introduction 34926.2 Fault Current Components in DC Grids 35026.3 DC System Protection Coordination with AC System Protection 35226.4 Mechanical DC Circuit Breaker 35226.5 Semiconductor Based DC Circuit Breaker 35526.6 Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker 35926.7 DC Grid-Protection System Development 36126.8 DC Grid Selective Protection System Based on Current Derivative or Travelling Wave Identification 36226.9 Differential DC Grid Protection Strategy 36326.10 DC Grid Selective Protection System Based on Local Signals 36426.11 DC Grids with DC Fault-Tolerant VSC Converters 36527 High Power DC/DC Converters and DC Power-Flow Controlling Devices 37227.1 Introduction 37227.2 Power Flow Control Using Series Resistors 37327.3 Low Stepping-Ratio DC/DC Converters 37627.4 High Stepping Ratio Isolated DC/DC Converter 38327.5 High Stepping Ratio LCL DC/DC Converter 38327.6 Building DC Grids with DC/DC Converters 38527.7 DC Hubs 38727.8 Developing DC Grids Using DC Hubs 39027.9 North Sea DC Grid Topologies 390Bibliography Part III DC Transmission Grids 394Appendix A Variable Notations 396Appendix B Analytical Background for Rotating DQ Frame 398Appendix C System Modelling Using Complex Numbers and Phasors 409Appendix D Simulink Examples 411Index 000