Health, Safety, and Environmental Management in Offshore and Petroleum Engineering

Srinivasan Chandrasekaran, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, IndiaDr. Chandrasekaran is a Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. His main areas of research include dynamic analysis and design of offshore platforms, subsea engineering, rehabilitation and retrofitting of offshore platforms, structural health monitoring of ocean structures, seismic analysis and design of structures, risk analyses and reliability studies of offshore and petroleum engineering plants.

• Preface  xiiiAbout the author  xivChapter 1: Safety Assurance and Assessment  1Introduction to Safety, Health, and Environment Management 11.1 Importance of Safety 21.2 Basic terminologies in HSE 21.2.1 What Is Safety? 5 1.2.2 Why Is Safety Important? 51.3 Importance of safety in offshore and petroleum industries 51.4 Objectives of HSE 71.5 Scope of HSE guidelines 81.6 Need for safety 91.7 Organizing safety 101.7.1 Ekofisk B Blowout 101.7.2 Enchova Blowout 111.7.3 West Vanguard Gas Blowout 121.7.4 Ekofisk A riser rupture 131.7.5 Piper A explosion and fire 141.8 Risk 141.9 Safety assurance and assessment 151.10 Frank and Morgan Logical Risk analysis 161.11 Defeating accident process 231.12 Acceptable risk 241.13 Risk assessment 241.13.1 Hazard identification 251.13.2 Dose-response assessment 251.13.3 Exposure assessment 251.13.4 Risk characterization 251.14 Application issues of risk assessment 261.15 Hazard classification and assessment 261.15.1 Hazard identification 271.15.2 Hazard identification methods 281.16 Hazard identification during operation (HaZOP) 291.16.1 HaZOP objectives 291.16.2 Common application areas of HaZOP 301.16.3 Advantages of HaZOP 311.17 Steps in HaZOP 45 1.18 Backbone of HaZOP 311.18 Backbone of HAZOP 321.19 HaZOP flow chart 351.20 Full recording versus recording by exception 351.21 Pseudo secondary words 361.22 When to do HaZOP? 371.22.1 Types of HaZOP 381.23 Case study: Example problem of Group Gathering Station 381.24 Accidents in offshore platforms 471.24.1 Sliepner A Platform 471.24.2 Thunder Horse Platform 491.24.3 Timor Sea Oil Rig 501.24.4 Bombay High North in Offshore Mumbai 501.25 Hazard evaluation and control 511.25.1 Hazard evaluation 521.25.2 Hazard classification 521.25.3 Hazard control 531.25.4 Monitoring 54Exercises 1 54Model Paper 66Chapter 2 Environmental issues and Management 682.1 Primary environmental issues 682.1.1 Visible consequences 682.1.2 Trends in oil and gas resources 682.1.3 World’s energy resources 692.1.4 Anthropogenic impact of Hydrosphere 692.1.5 Marine pollution 702.1.6 Marine pollutants 732.1.7 Consequence of marine pollutants 732.2 Impact of oil and gas industries on marine environment 742.2.1 Drilling operations and consequences 742.2.2 Main constituents of oil based drilling fluid 752.2.3 Pollution due to produced waters during drilling 772.3 Drilling accidents 782.3.1 Underwater storage reservoirs 782.4 Pipelines 782.5 Impact on marine pollution 792.6 Oil hydrocarbons: Composition and Consequences 792.6.1 Crude oil 792.7 Detection of oil content in marine pollution 802.8 Oil spill: Physical review 802.8.1 Environmental impact of oil spill 802.9 Oil: A multi-component toxicant 812.9.1 Oil spill 812.10 Chemicals and wastes from offshore oil industry 812.10.1 Drilling discharges 812.11 Control of oil spill 822.12 Environmental management issues 832.12.1 Environmental protection: Principles applied to oil and gas activities 832.12.2 Environmental Management: Standards and Requirements 842.13 Ecological monitoring 842.13.1 Ecological monitoring stages 842.14 Atmospheric pollution 852.14.1 Release and dispersion models 852.14.2 Continuous release and instantaneous release (Plume and Puff models) 852.14.3 Factors affecting dispersion 862.15 Dispersion models for neutrally and positively buoyancy gas 892.15.1 Plume dispersion models 892.15.2 Maximum plume concentration 902.16 Puff dispersion model 912.16.1 Maximum Puff concentration 922.17 Isopleths 922.18 Estimate of dispersion coefficients 932.18.1 Estimates from equations 932.19 Dense gas dispersion 962.19.1 Britter-Mcquiad dense gas dispersion model 962.20 Evaluation of toxic effects of dispersed liquid and gas 972.21 Hazard Assessment and Accident Scenarios 992.21.1 Damage estimate modelling: Probit model 992.21.2 Probit correlations for various damages 1022.22 Fire and Explosion models 102Exercises 2 1053. Accident Modeling, Risk assessment and Management 109 3.1 Introduction 1093.2 Dose Versus response 1093.2.1 Various types of doses 1103.2.2 TLV concentration 1113.3 Industrial Hygiene 1123.4 Fire and explosion modelling 1123.4.1 Fundamentals of fire and explosion 1143.4.2 Flammability Characteristics of Vapor and Gases 1153.5 Fire and explosion characteristics of materials 1153.6 Estimation of flammability limits using stoichiometric balance 1153.6.1 Stoichiometric balance 1163.6.2 Estimation of Limiting Oxygen concentration (LOC) 1163.7 Flammability diagram for hydrocarbons 1173.7.1 Constructing flammability diagram 1173.8 Ignition energy 1193.9 Explosions 1203.10 Explosion characteristics 1203.11 Explosion modelling 1203.12 Damage consequences of explosion damage 1213.13 Energy in chemical explosions 1243.14 Explosion energy in physical explosions 1243.15 Dust and Gaseous explosion 1243.16 Explosion damage estimate 1253.17 Fire and explosion preventive measures 1263.17.1 Inerting and purging 1263.18 Use of flammability diagram 1313.18.1 Placing a vessel out of service 1313.18.2 Placing a vessel into service 1323.19 NFPA 69 recommendations 1323.20 Explosion proof equipments 1333.20.1 Class systems 1333.20.2 Group systems 1343.20.3 Division systems 1343.21 Ventilation for storage and process areas 1343.21.1 Storage areas 1343.21.2 Process areas 1343.22 Sprinkler systems 1353.22.1 Anti-freeze sprinkler system 1353.22.2 Deluge sprinkler system 1353.22.3 Dry pipe sprinkler system 1353.22.4 Wet pipe sprinkler system 1353.23 Toxic release and dispersion modelling 1363.23.1 Threshold limit values (TLVs ) 1363.24 Industrial Hygiene 1363.25 Exposure evaluation: Chemical Hazard 1373.25.1 Time weighted average method 1373.25.2 Overexposure at work place 1383.25.3 TLV-TWA Mix 1383.26 Exposure evaluation: physical hazards 1383.27 Industrial Hygiene Control 1383.27.1 Environmental control 1393.27.2 Personal protection 1393.28 Ventilation hoods to reduce hazards 1393.29 Elements to control Process Accidents 1403.30 Methods for chemical risk analysis 1413.30.1 Qualitative risk analysis 1413.30.2 Quantitative risk analysis 1413.31 Safety review 1423.32 Process Hazards Checklists 1423.33 Hazard surveys 1423.34 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) 1423.35 Chemical Exposure Index 1433.36 Guidelines for Estimating Amount of Material becoming Airborne following a Release 1513.36.1 Example problem on Ammonia release 1513.36.2 Example problem in chlorine release 1533.37 Quantified Risk Assessment 1543.38 Hazard Identification (HAZID) 1543.39 Cause analysis 1553.40 Fault tree analysis (FTA) 1553.41 Event Tree Analysis (ETA) 1573.42 Disadvantages of QRA 1573.43 Risk Acceptance criteria 1573.44 Hazard Assessment 1593.45 Identify hazards 1593.45.1 Prioritizing hazards 1593.46 Risk Assessment 1603.46.1 Identify and implement hazard controls 1603.46.2 Communicate 1603.47 Evaluate effectivenes 1613.48 Fatality risk assessment 1613.48.1 Statistical Analysis 1613.48.2 Phenomena based analysis 1613.48.3 Averaging of FAR values 1623.49 Marine Systems Risk Modelling 1623.49.1 Ballast system failure 1623.50 Risk Picture: Definitions and Characteristics 1623.51 Fatality risk 1633.51.1 Platform fatality risk 1633.51.2 Individual risk 1633.52 Societal risk 1643.53 Impairment Risk 1643.54 Environment Risk 1663.55 Asset Risk 1663.56 Risk Assessment and Management 1673.57 Probabilistic Risk Assessment 1673.58 Risk Management 1673.58.1 Risk Preference 168Exercises 3 1684. Safety measures in design and operation 1774.1 Introduction 1774.2 Inerting or purging 1784.3 Terminologies 1784.4 Factors affecting purging 1804.5 Causes of Dilution or Mixing 1804.5.1 Area of contact 1814.5.2 Time of contact 1814.5.3 Input velocities 1814.5.4 Densities of gases 1824.5.5 Temperature effects 1824.6 Methods of Purging 1834.6.1 Siphon Purging 1834.6.2 Vacuum purging 1834.6.3 Pressure Purging 1844.6.4 Sweep-Through Purging 1844.6.5 Fixed-Rate Purging 1844.6.6 Variable-Rate or Demand Purging 1854.7 Limits of Flammability of Gas Mixtures 1854.8 Protection System Design and Operation 1854.9 Explosion prevention systems 1864.10 Safe Work Practices 1864.10.1 Load lifting 1864.10.2 Confined space, excavations, and hazardous environments 1874.10.3 Lockout/Tagout 1874.10.4 Well Pumping Units 1884.11 Hot work permit 1884.12 Welding Fumes and Ventilation 1904.13 Critical equipments 1904.13.1 Changes to critical equipment 1904.14 Fire prevention 1914.15 Fire protection 1914.16 Grounding and bonding 1924.17 Other general requirements 1924.17.1 Performance-Based Design 1924.17.2 Inspection of protection systems 1954.18 Process Safety Management (PSM) at Oil and Gas Operations 1964.18.1 Process safety information 1974.18.2 Process safet information 1974.19 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) 1984.20 safe operating procedures 1994.21 Safe Work Practice Procedures 2004.21.1 Training 2004.21.2 Pre-Startup Review 2004.22 Mechanical Integrity 2014.23 Management of Change 2014.24 Incident investigations 2024.25 Compliance Audits 2024.26 Software used in HSE management 2034.26.1 CMO COMPLIANCE 2034.26.2 Spiramid’s HSE Software 2034.26.3 Integrum 2044.26.4 Rivo HSE Management Software 204Exercises 4 204Application problem: Quantified Risk assessment of LPG filling station 210References 220Index 226