Hard Time

Robert Johnson is a Professor of Justice, Law and Criminology at American University, Washington, D.C., and Editor and Publisher of BleakHouse Publishing. His publications include Death Work: A Study of the Modern Execution Process, which won the Outstanding Book Award of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.Ann Marie Rocheleau is an Associate Professor at Stonehill College, Easton, Massachusetts. She collaborated on research studies on adult and juvenile corrections, community policing, and drug purchase for the National Institute of Justice and the Office of National Drug Control Policy.Alison B. Martin is a Policy Analyst with the Council of State Governments Justice Center. She is the co-author of Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship the World Over and Gay and Lesbian Communities the World Over. The book includes a Foreword by Francis T. Cullen, Professor of Criminal Justice and Sociology at the University of Cincinnati and an Afterword by Alison Libeling, University Lecturer and Director of the Prisons Research Centre at the Cambridge University Institute of Criminology.

• Foreword xiAcknowledgments xvii1 Crime, Prison, and the Case for Corrections 1A Predilection for Prisons 4Prison America 6Incarcerating Men and Women of Color 7No Escaping Prison 9The Goals of Prison Punishment 12A Case for Decent Prisons 16Decent Prisons and Mature Coping 17General Dynamics of Adjustment 21Decent Prisons as a Human Right 23Notes 25References 302 Modern Prisons in Historical Context 35American Prisons Before the Penitentiary 35Penitentiaries 37Models of Reformative Penitentiary Quarantine 39Women and Minorities in the Penitentiary 41The Southern Plantation Prison 42Reformatories 44The Big House 47Women and Minorities in the Big House 48The Big House: Repression and Its Discontents 49The Decline of the Big House 52The Correctional Institution 53Models of Correctional Facilities 55Prison Violence 58Deinstitutionalization and the Increase in Mentally Ill Inmates 61Supermax Prisons 62Notes 65References 713 the Pains of Modern Imprisonment 76Pain Amelioration in Prisons: Three Stages 77Living With Deprivation 79Loss of Liberty 79Deprivation of Autonomy 81Deprivation of Goods and Services 83Boredom 85Deprivation of Heterosexual Contact 87Missing Family 90Disrespect 93Deprivation of Security 96Pain and Harm 99Notes 103References 1074 Prisoner Deficits and Immature Coping 111Immature Coping 112Limited Cognitive and Interpersonal Skills 112Denial 113Poor Self-Control 114Defective Socialization 115Lack of Empathy 119Prisoner Types 120Predatory Convicts 120State-Raised Convicts 121Institutionalized Inmates 122The Mentally Ill 124Exceptions to Immature Coping: Square Johns and Long-Termers 126Dysfunctional Adaptations to Imprisonment 128Reconciling Public and Private Inmate Cultures 130Notes 133References 1385 the Public Culture of the Prison: Violence 144The Nature of Violent Prisoners 146Predatory Convicts and State-Raised Youth 148Gang Violence 150Hypermasculinity in Prisons 152Fear, Street Culture, and the Campaign for Respect 154The Mentally Ill 159The Nature of Violent Prisons 161Violence Exacerbated By Prison Administration and Conditions 162Relationships Between Inmates and Officers 163Situational Violence 166A Note on Violence in women’s Prisons 169Notes 172References 1776 The Private Culture of the Prison: Living in Prison 182Living in Prison 183A Day in a Life in Prison 185The Ecology of Prison Survival 189Prison Life, Prison Niches 194Types of Prison Niches 197Coping Strategies for Living in Prison 209General Coping Strategies 209Coping Adaptations Unique to Prison 210Coping Strategies for Lifers and Long-Termers 212More Than Survival 216Notes 219References 2257 Correctional Officers’ Public Custodial Agenda 230Correctional Officer as Hack 231The Persistent Image 231Prevalence of Correctional Officer Violence 234Nature of Prohibited Correctional Officer Violence 236Nature of Prison-Sanctioned Correctional Officer Violence 240Correctional Practices That Breed Violence 244Stress, Alienation, and Burnout 250Dimensions of Alienation 252Causes of Stress in the Prison Workplace 258Notes 261References 2668 Prison Officers’ Private Correctional Agenda 271Providing Human Service 271The Nature of Human Service 272Typology of Correctional Officers as Agents of Care 275Human Service Activities 277Goods and Services 277Referrals and Advocacy 278Helping Prisoners Adjust and Solve Problems 279Rule Enforcement as Human Service Work: Developing Relationships and Legitimacy 282Collaboration in Helping 286Human Service in Perspective 291Notes 294References 2989 Supermax and the Overuse of Solitary Confinement 303Living and Working in Supermax 304Assessing the Efficacy of the Supermax Experiment 311Do Supermax Prisons Meet Their Goals? 311Supermax as a Shelter and a Place to Pause 314Some Failures of Supermax 315Getting Into Supermax 316Contributing to a Cycle of Violence 323Deterioration of Mental Health 327Supermax as Anti-Rehabilitation and Anti-Public Safety 329Moving Forward: the Devil is in the Details 330Notes 335References 34110 Reform 346Smarter Punishment, Better Prisons 348Reforming Prison Ecology 350Prison Programs and the Cultivation of Mature Coping 363Getting Out and Staying Out 372Transitional Support 373Reconciliation 377Notes 379References 387Afterword 397Index 400