Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management

Andrew P. Sage, PhD, became the First American Bank Professor of Information Technology and Engineering at George Mason University and the first Dean of the School of Information Technology and Engineering. Dr. Sage is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, as well as a Fellow of the IEEE, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and INCOSE. He is the Editor of the Wiley Series in Systems Engineering and Management and of Wiley's Journal of Systems Engineering. William B. Rouse, PhD, is a professor in the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology and holds a joint appointment within the College of Computing. He also serves as Executive Director of the Tennenbaum Institute, a campus-wide research center focused on complex organizational systems. Dr. Rouse is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, as well as a Fellow of the IEEE, the International Council on Systems Engineering, the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, and the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

• Preface xvii Contributors xxiAn Introduction to Systems Engineering and Systems Management 1Andrew P. Sage and William B. RouseSystems Engineering 2Importance of Technical Direction and Systems Management 6Additional Definitions of Systems Engineering 9Life-Cycle Methodologies, or Processes, for Systems Engineering 23The Rest of the Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management 31Knowledge Map of the Systems Engineering and Management Handbook 50The Many Dimensions of Systems Engineering 55People, Organizations, Technology, and Architectures and System Families 56References 621 Systems Engineering Life Cycles: Life Cycles for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation; Acquisition; and Planning and Marketing 65F. G. Patterson, Jr.1.1 Introduction 651.2 Classification of Organizational Processes 691.3 Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Life Cycles 721.4 System Acquisition or Production Life Cycles 761.5 The Planning and Marketing Life Cycle 861.6 Software Acquisition life-Cycle Models 881.7 Trends in Systems Engineering Life Cycles 961.8 Conclusion 1082 Systems Engineering Management: The Multidisciplinary Discipline 117Aaron J. Shenhar and Brian Sauser2.1 Introduction 1172.2 Defining Systems Engineering Management 1182.3 Activities and Roles of the Systems Engineering Manager 1202.4 Toward a Comprehensive Framework for the Implementation of Systems Engineering Management: The Four-Dimensional "Diamond Taxonomy"—NTCP 1232.5 Different Systems Engineering Management Roles for Various Project Types 1312.6 The Skills, Tools, and Disciplines Involved in Systems Engineering Management 1452.7 Developing Educational and Training Programs in Systems Engineering Management 1472.8 Conclusion 1503 Risk Management 155Yacov Y. Haimes3.1 The Process of Risk Assessment and Management 1553.2 The Holistic Approach to Risk Analysis 1573.3 Risk of Extreme Events 1673.4 The Partitioned Multiobjective Risk Method 1713.5 The Characteristics of Risk in Human-Engineered Systems 1803.6 Selected Cases of Risk-Based Engineering Problems 1813.7 Conclusion 2004 Discovering System Requirements 205A. Terry Bahill and Frank F. Dean4.1 Introduction 2054.2 Stating The Problem 2054.3 What Are Requirements? 2094.4 Qualities of a Good Requirement 2104.5 Characterization of Requirements 2164.6 The Requirements Development and Management Process 2274.7 Fitting the Requirements Process into the Systems Engineering Process 2434.8 Related Items 2454.9 Requirements Volatility 2474.10 Inspections 2484.11 A Heuristic Example of Requirements 2494.12 The Hybrid Process for Capturing Requirements 2504.13 Conclusion 2645 Configuration Management 267Peggy S. Brouse5.1 Introduction 2675.2 Configuration Management within the System Life Cycle 2715.3 Configuration Status Accounting and Configuration Auditing 2815.4 Configuration Management Responsibilities 2835.5 Configuration Management in Process Improvement 2835.6 Configuration Management Tools 2865.7 Conclusion 2896 Cost Management 291Benjamin S. Blanchard6.1 Introduction 2916.2 Life-Cycle Costing 2916.3 Functional Economic Analysis 2986.4 Work Breakdown Structure 3016.5 Activity-Based Costing 3066.6 Cost and Effectiveness Analysis 3106.7 System Evaluation and Cost Control 3206.8 Conclusion 3217 Total Quality Management 325James L. Melsa7.1 Introduction 3257.2 Historical Background of the Quality Movement 3287.3 Total Quality Management Tools 3307.4 Total Quality Management Philosophies 3327.5 Conclusion 3498 Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability 361Michael Pecht8.1 Introduction and Motivation 3618.2 Evolution of RMA Engineering 3628.3 Allocation 3638.4 Design for Reliability 3638.5 System Reliability Assessment Modeling 3858.6 Fault Trees 3908.7 Design for Maintainability 3908.8 Data Collection, Classification, and Reporting 3928.9 Warranties and Life-Cycle Costs 3938.10 Operational Readiness and Availability 3939 Concurrent Engineering 397Andrew Kusiak and Nick Larson9.1 Introduction 3979.2 Concurrent Engineering and the Product Life Cycle 3989.3 Building a Concurrent Engineering Environment: A Systems Engineering Perspective 3999.4 Managing a Concurrent Engineering Environment: Tools and Techniques 4259.5 Implementation 4339.6 Concurrnt Engineering in the Future 4349.7 Conclusion 43510 Engineering the Enterprise as a System 441William B. Rouse10.1 Introduction 44110.2 Essential Challenges 44210.3 Enterprise Transformation 44510.4 Enterprises as Systems 45110.5 Transformation Framework 45410.6 Implications for Systems Engineering and Management 45710.7 Conclusion 45811 Standards in Systems Engineering 463Stephen C. Lowell11.1 Introduction 46311.2 Definition 46311.3 Historical Highlights of Standards in the United States 46311.4 Reasons for Using Specifications and Standards 46511.5 Proper Application of Specifications and Standards 46711.6 Selection and Development of Specifications and Standards 46811.7 Useful Standards in the Systems Engineering Process 47711.8 Locating and Obtaining Specifications and Standards 47712 System Architectures 479Alexander H. Levis12.1 Introduction 47912.2 Definition of Architectures 48112.3 Structured Analysis Approach 48312.4 The Executable Model 49112.5 Physical Architecture 49312.6 Performance Evaluation 49512.7 Object-Oriented Approach 49612.8 Architecture Evaluation 50112.9 The DoD Architecture Framework 50312.10 Conclusion 50413 Systems Design 507K. Preston White, Jr.13.1 Introduction 50713.2 What is Systems Design? 50813.3 Steps in the Design process 50813.4 Design Tools 51713.5 A Brief History of Recent Design Theory 51913.6 Design and Concurrent Engineering 52114 Systems Integration 535James D. Palmer14.1 Introduction 53514.2 Systems Integration in Large, Complex Engineered Systems and a Systems Integration Life Cycle 53814.3 Systems Integration Management and Technical Skills and Training Requirements 54214.4 Systems Integration Strategy for Success 54514.5 The Audit Trail 55214.6 Quality Assurance in Systems Integration 55514.7 Subcontractor Management for Systems Integration 55914.8 Subsystem Integration and Delivery 56114.9 Risk Management 56414.10 The Lead Systems Integrator 56815 Systematic Measurements 575Andrew P. Sage15.1 Introduction 57515.2 Organizational Needs for Systematic Measurement 57715.3 Measurement Needs 57815.4 Organizational Measurements 58715.5 Metrics from Widely Accepted Standards, Awards, and Government Requirements 59015.6 Selected Measurement Approaches 60915.7 Systematic Measurements of Customer Satisfaction 61715.8 Systematic Measurements of Effort, Cost, and Schedule 62515.9 Systematic Measurements of Defects 62515.10 Metrics Process Maturity 62615.11 Information Technology and Organizational Performance Measurement 63115.12 Conclusion 63916 Human Supervisory Control 645Thomas B. Sheridan16.1 Introduction 64516.2 Task Analysis and Function Allocation 64816.3 The Phases of Supervisory Control 65216.4 Examples of Supervisory Control Applications and Problems 66216.5 Adaptive Automation 67416.6 Overview Considerations of Supervisory Control 67616.7 Conclusion 68517 Designing for Cognitive Task Performance 691Judith M. Orasanu and Michael G. Shafto17.1 Introduction 69117.2 Cognitive Constraints on System Design 69317.3 Reduction to Practice 70517.4 Conclusion 71518 Modeling Organizational and Individual Decision Making 723Kathleen M. Carley and Terrill L. Frantz18.1 Introduction 72318.2 Computational Organization Theory 72618.3 Modeling the Individual 73018.4 Modeling the Organization 74118.5 Computational Tools 74518.6 Implications for Systems Engineering and Management 74718.7 Conclusion 74819 Organizational Simulation 763William B. Rouse and Douglas A. Bodner19.1 Introduction 76319.2 Scope of Organizational Simulation 76419.3 State of the Art 76619.4 Case Studies 76819.5 Conclusion 79020 Organizational Change: The Role of Culture and Leadership 793Charles S. Harris, Betty K. Hart, and Joyce Shields20.1 Introduction 79320.2 Setting the Context: Culture 79520.3 The Role of Leadership 80020.4 Applying the Change Model 80420.5 Profiles in Change 82420.6 Conclusion 83121 Model-Based Design of Human Interaction with Complex Systems 837Christine M. Mitchell and David W. Roberts21.1 Introduction 83721.2 Human Interaction with Complex Systems: The Systems, Tasks, and Users 83721.3 Emerging Technology and Design 83821.4 Human–System Interaction Issues 84021.5 Model-Based Design: Operator 84721.6 Model-Based Design Using the Operator Function Model 86021.7 Ofm-Based Design: Illustrative Applications 87521.8 Team-OFM 88921.9 Basic Research and Operational Relevance to Real-World Design 89421.10 Conclusion 89922 Evaluation of Systems 909James M. Tien22.1 Introduction 90922.2 Evaluation Field 91022.3 Evaluation Framework 91122.4 Evaluation Design Elements 91422.5 Evaluation Modeling 91822.6 Conclusion 92023 Systems Reengineering 923Andrew P. Sage23.1 Introduction 92323.2 Definition of and Perspectives on Reengineering 92523.3 Overview of Reengineering Approaches 93123.4 Conclusion 101324 Issue Formulation 1027James E. Armstrong, Jr.24.1 Introduction: Problem and Issue Formulation 102724.2 Situation Assessment 102724.3 Problem or Issue Identification 103224.4 Value System Design 104324.5 Iteration of The Design 105324.6 Generation of Potential Alternatives or System Synthesis 107024.7 Alternatives and Feasibility Studies 108224.8 Conclusion 108525 Functional Analysis 1091Dennis M. Buede25.1 Introduction 109125.2 Elements of Functional Analysis 109125.3 Functional Decomposition 109225.4 The Systems Engineering Requirements Statement and Functional Analysis 109625.5 Diagrams and Software for Functional Analysis 110925.6 Conclusion 112526 Methods for the Modeling and Analysis of Alternatives 1127C. Els Van Daalen, Wil A. H. Thissen, Alexander Verbraeck, and Pieter W. G. Bots26.1 Introduction 112726.2 Quantitative Models and Methods 112826.3 Physical System Models 113426.4 System Dynamics 114126.5 Discrete-Event Simulation Models 114526.6 Agent-Based Models 115026.7 Economic Models of Costs and Benefits 115526.8 Evaluation and Discussion 116127 Operations Research and Refinement of Courses of Action 1171Keith W. Hipel, D. Marc Kilgour, Siamak Rajabi, and Ye Chen27.1 Introduction 117127.2 Operations Research 117127.3 Operations Research and Systems Engineering 117627.4 Operations Research Methods 117827.5 Generating and Screening Actions 118927.6 Multiple-Criteria Decision Making 119227.7 Multiple-Participant Decision Making 120227.8 Heuristic Programming 121027.9 Conclusions 121428 Decision Analysis 1223Craig W. Kirkwood28.1 Introduction 122328.2 Structuring Objectives 122328.3 Developing Alternatives 122828.4 Value Analysis 123228.5 Decisions With Uncertainty 123828.6 Multiple Objectives and Uncertainty 124528.7 Decision Analysis Software 124628.8 Conclusion 124729 Project Planning: Planning for Action 1251Ruth Buys29.1 Introduction 125129.2 Network-Based Systems Planning and Project Management 125329.3 Pricing and Estimating 125629.4 Risk and Cost Control 126029.5 Maintenance and Support 126729.6 Software for Planning Support 126929.7 Presentation and Communication of Results of Systems Planning 127229.8 Project Planning Pitfalls 127529.9 Conclusion 127930 Complex Adaptive Systems in Systems Engineering and Management 1283Sarah Sheard30.1 Introduction 128330.2 Order: Newtonian and Mechanical Systems 128630.3 History and Principles of Chaos 128930.4 Between Order and Chaos 129130.5 Complexity and Complex Systems 129230.6 Complex Adaptive Systems 129430.7 Small Worlds, Scale-Free Networks, Power Laws, and Evolving Fitness Landscapes 129730.8 Principles of Complex Systems for Systems Engineering 130330.9 Principles for Management of Complex Adaptive Systems Engineering Efforts 130930.10 Conclusion 131531 Human Systems Integration 1319Harold R. Booher, Robert J. Beaton, and Frances Greene31.1 Introduction 131931.2 HSI Concept 132031.3 HSI Assessment Principles and Factors 132631.4 HSI Business Case 133231.5 HSI Process in Systems Engineering 133931.6 Conclusion 135532 Model-Based Systems Engineering 1361David W. Oliver, James F. Andary, and Harold Frisch32.1 Introduction 136132.2 A Selected History of The Modeling of Systems 136432.3 A Semantic Glossary and Model for Systems Engineering Concepts 137032.4 Product Data Management 139332.5 Ontologies 139632.6 Conclusion 139833 Using the Design Structure Matrix to Design Program Organizations 1401Tyson R. Browning33.1 Introduction 140133.2 A Framework for Organizational Integration 140333.3 Organizational Integration Analysis with the Design Structure Matrix 140533.4 A Systematic Approach to Designing Programs for organizational Integration 141333.5 Implementation barriers 142033.6 Conclusion 142034 Information Technology and Knowledge Management 1425William B. Rouse and Andrew P. Sage34.1 Introduction 142534.2 Trends 142834.3 Scenarios 143334.4 Eleven Challenges 143734.5 Ecological Approaches to the Challenges 145034.6 Conclusion 1457References 1457Index 1463