Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology

Merv Fingas has 40 years of experience in oil and chemical spill research. He has authored over 850 technical publications and papers including books, manuals and over 500 peer-reviewed papers. He has won over 20 awards for research and papers from the United States Government, Canadian Government and international conferences. Dr.  Fingas has also collaborated on studies with over 25 organizations around the world, coordinated studies for over 30 years through 6 internationally-attended committees and developed co-operative projects with many international groups.

• Contributors xviiAuthor Biographies xixPreface xxviiPART I Risk Analysis 11 Risk Analysis and Prevention 3Dagmar Schmidt Etkin1.1 Introduction 31.2 Executive Summary 31.3 Oil Spill Risk Analysis 41.4 Overview of Oil Spill Prevention 28References 34PART II Oil Properties 372 Oil Physical Properties: Measurement and Correlation 39Bruce P. Hollebone2.1 Introduction 392.2 Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products 392.3 Hydrocarbon Groups 442.4 Quality Assurance and Control 462.5 Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk Properties 46References 49PART III Oil Composition and Properties 513 Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties 53Merv Fingas3.1 Introduction 533.2 The Composition of Oil 533.3 Properties of Oil 75References 764 Vegetable Oil Spills: Oil Properties and Behavior 79Merv Fingas4.1 Introduction 794.2 The Oils 794.3 Historical Spills 794.4 Aquatic Toxicity 864.5 Properties of the Oils 864.6 Behavior in the Environment 874.7 Oxidation Biodegradation and Polymerization 874.8 Spill Countermeasures 884.9 Biofuels 884.10 Conclusions 89References 89PART IV Oil Analysis 935 Chromatographic Fingerprinting Analysis of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products 95Chun Yang, Zhendi Wang, Bruce P. Hollebone ,Carl E. Brown, Zeyu Yang, and Mike Landriault5.1 Introduction 955.2 Introduction to Oil Analysis Techniques 1005.3 Methodology of Oil Fingerprinting Analysis 1055.4 Weathering Effect on Oil Chemical Composition 1415.5 Diagnostic Ratios of Target Hydrocarbons 1485.6 Forensic Oil Spill Identification: A Case Study 151References 1586 Oil Spill Identification 165Joan Albaigés, Paul G.M. Kienhuis, and Gerhard Dahlmann6.1 Introduction 1656.2 Sampling 1676.3 Sample Handling in the Laboratory 1706.4 Analysis 1716.5 Conclusions 198References 202PART V Oil Behavior 2057 Oil and Petroleum Evaporation 207Merv Fingas7.1 Introduction 2077.2 Review of Historical Concepts 2097.3 Development of New Diffusion-Regulated Models 2137.4 Complexities to the Diffusion-Regulated Model 2187.5 Use of Evaporation Equations in Spill Models 2207.6 Volatilization 2217.7 Measurement of Evaporation 2217.8 Summary 221References 2228 Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Formation and Prediction 225Merv Fingas and Ben Fieldhouse8.1 Introduction 2258.2 Types of Emulsions 2258.3 Stability Indices 2268.4 Formation of Emulsions 2308.5 Modeling the Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions 2358.6 Conclusions 251References 2689 Oil Behavior in Ice-Infested Waters 271Merv Fingas and Bruce P. Hollebone9.1 Introduction 2719.2 Spreading on Ice 2719.3 Spreading on or in Snow 2739.4 Spreading under Ice 2739.5 Spreading on Water with Ice Present 2749.6 The Effect of Gas on Oil-under-Ice Spreading 2759.7 Movement through Ice 2769.8 Oil in Leads 2779.9 Absorption to Snow and Ice 2809.10 Containment on Ice 2809.11 Heating Effect of Oil on the Surface of Ice 2809.12 Oil under Multiyear Ice 2809.13 Oil in Pack Ice 2819.14 Growth of Ice on Shorelines and Effect on Oil Retention 2819.15 Effect of Oil on Ice Properties 2819.16 Concluding Remarks 283References 283PART VI Modeling 28510 Introduction to Spill Modeling 287Merv Fingas10.1 Introduction 28710.2 An Overview of Weathering 28710.3 Evaporation 28810.4 Water Uptake and Emulsification 29010.5 Natural Dispersion 29310.6 Summary of Natural Dispersion 29510.7 Other Processes 29510.8 Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modeling 29710.9 Spill Modeling 299References 29911 Oceanographic and Meteorological Effects on Spilled Oil 301C.J. Beegle-Krause and William J. LehrList of Symbols 30111.1 Introduction 30111.2 Chapter Scope 30211.3 Atmospheric Boundary Layer 30211.4 Water Currents 30311.5 Waves 30411.6 Sea Spray 30611.7 Langmuir Cells 30611.8 Oil Transport 30711.9 Areas of Active Research 308References 309PART VII Detection Tracking and Remote Sensing 31112 Oil Spill Remote Sensing 313Merv Fingas and Carl E. Brown12.1 Introduction 31312.2 Atmospheric Properties 31412.3 Oil Interaction with Light and Electronic Waves 31412.4 Visible Indications of Oil 31612.5 Optical Sensors 31712.6 Laser Fluorosensors 32512.7 Microwave Sensors 32612.8 Slick Thickness Determination 33112.9 Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems 33312.10 Satellite Remote Sensing 33412.11 Oil-Under-Ice Detection 34012.12 Underwater Detection and Tracking 34012.13 Small Remote-Controlled Aircraft 34412.14 Real-Time Displays and Printers 34512.15 Routine Surveillance 34512.16 Future Trends 34612.17 Recommendations 347References 34813 Detection Tracking and Remote Sensing: Satellites and Image Processing (Spaceborne Oil Spill Detection) 357Konstantinos Topouzelis, Dario Tarchi, Michele Vespe, Monica Posada, Oliver Muellenhoff and Guido Ferraro13.1 Introduction 35713.2 Oil Spills Detection by Satellite 35813.3 From Research to Operational Services 36613.4 Ancillary Data 37513.5 Summary and Conclusions 378References 38114 Detection of Oil in with and under Ice and Snow 385Merv Fingas and Carl E. Brown14.1 Introduction 38514.2 Overview of Detection of Oil in or under Ice and Snow 38514.3 Detection of Surface Oil with Ice: Conventional Techniques 39214.4 Conclusions 392References 392PART VIII Oil Spills on Land 39515 Bioremediation of Oil Spills on Land 397Lisa D. Brown and Ania C. Ulrich15.1 Introduction 39715.2 Brief Overview of Bioremediation Techniques for Land Oil Spills 39715.3 Key Organisms Involved in Biodegradation of Oil Spills on Land 39815.4 Environmental Factors Affecting Bioremediation 39915.5 In Situ Bioremediation Strategies 40015.6 Ex Situ Land Treatment Techniques 40215.7 Bioaugmentation Strategies 40415.8 Biostimulation Strategies 404References 40516 Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Petroleum Impacted Soil: A Scientifically Proven Green Technology 407Karen E. Gerhardt, Perry D. Gerwing, Xiao-Dong Huang and Bruce M. Greenberg16.1 Introduction 40716.2 PGPR-Enhanced Phytoremediation System(s) 41316.3 Case Studies of Full-Scale Petroleum Phytoremediation 41616.4 Achieving Regulatory Criteria 42116.5 Conclusions 422References 423PART IX Effects of Oil 42917 Overview of Efforts to Document and Reduce Impacts of Oil Spills on Seabirds 431Roger C. Helm, Harry R. Carter, R. Glenn Ford, D. Michael Fry, Rocío L. Moreno, Carolina Sanpera and Florina S. Tseng17.1 Introduction 43117.2 Vulnerability 43317.3 Effect of Oiling on Individual Birds 43517.4 Rehabilitation and Veterinary Care 43617.5 Estimating Mortality 44117.6 Long-Term Impacts 44417.7 Restoration 446References 44818 Overview of Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals 455Roger C. Helm, Daniel P. Costa, Terry D. DeBruyn, Thomas J. O’Shea, Randall S. Wells and Terrie M. Williams18.1 Introduction 45518.2 Sea Otters 45818.3 Seals and Sea Lions 46118.4 Sea Cows 46418.5 Polar Bears 46518.6 Whales Dolphins and Porpoises 467References 47119 Oil Spill Impact and Recovery of Coastal Marsh Vegetation 477Qianxin Lin19.1 Introduction 47719.2 Toxicity and Impact as a Function of Oil Type and Oil Weathering Degree 47719.3 Sensitivity to Oil Varies by Plant Species 47819.4 Effects of Oil Exposure Modes on Severity of Oil Impacts 47919.5 Effects of Oil Spill Cleanup Procedures on Marsh Recovery 481References 483PART X Natural Dispersion 48520 A Review of Natural Dispersion Models 487Merv Fingas20.1 Introduction 48720.2 The Mackay Approach 48720.3 The Audunson Approach 48920.4 The Delvigne Approach 49020.5 Residence in the Water Column 49220.6 Comparison of the Models 49220.7 Conclusions 494References 494PART XI Cold Region Spills 49521 Arctic and Antarctic Spills 497D.M. Filler, Mahlon C. Kennicutt II, I. Snape, Stephen T. Sweet and Andrew G. Klein21.1 Introduction 49721.2 Terrestrial Spills 50221.3 Marine Spills 50721.4 Policy 508References 510PART XII Case Studies 51322 The Prestige Oil Spill 515Joan Albaigés ,Ana Bernabeu, Sonia Castanedo, Núria Jiménez, Carmen Morales-Caselles, Araceli Puente and Lucía Viñas22.1 Introduction 51522.2 The Ocean and Coastal Dynamics in the NW Iberia and their Influence on the Spill 51622.3 Oil Monitoring and Fate 52122.4 The Assessment of Effects 53122.5 Environmental Restoration 53722.6 Conclusion 541References 54223 The Grounding of the Bahía Paraíso Arthur Harbor Antarctica: Distribution and Fate of Oil Spill Related Hydrocarbons 547Stephen T. Sweet, Mahlon C. Kennicutt II and Andrew G. Klein23.1 Introduction and Background 54723.2 Environmental Sampling 55023.3 Conclusions 555References 55524 Tasman Spirit Oil Spill at Karachi Coast Pakistan 557Hina Ahsan Siddiqi and Alia Bano Munshi24.1 Introduction 55724.2 Immediate Response to the Impact: Actions and Remediation 55724.2.1 Oil Recovery and Coast Cleaning 55824.3 The DDWP Project by Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) 56124.4 Hydrodynamics and Meteorological Data 56224.5 Oil Monitoring and Fate 56424.6 Effects of Oil Impact at the Community Level 56824.7 Bioremediation/Natural Attenuation Processes 57224.8 Conclusions 572References 573PART XIII Appendices 575Appendix A The Oil Properties Data Appendix 577Bruce P. HolleboneAppendix B Conversions 683Merv FingasAppendix C Ice Nomenclature 685Merv FingasIndex 689