Handbook of Marine Macroalgae

Professor Se-Kwon Kim is the Director of the Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, in Busan, South Korea.

• List of Contributors xvii Preface xxiEditor xxiiiPART I Introduction to Algae and Their Importance1 Biological Importance of Marine Algae 3Ali A. El Gamal1.1 Introduction 31.2 Interesting natural products and their biological activities from macroalgae (seaweeds) 4Acknowledgment 27References 272 Seaweeds: The Wealth of Oceans 36Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty and Amit Kumar Banerjee2.1 Introduction 362.2 Need for marine resources 362.3 Various marine resources 362.4 Producers in the marine environment 372.5 Emergent plants 372.6 Seaweed diversity 372.7 Uses of seaweeds 372.8 Marine farming: global scenario 392.9 SEAPURA: an EU effort 392.10 Seaweed farming: an Indian scenario 402.11 Expanding the existing knowledge base: current research trends in exploring seaweeds 412.12 Future prospects 422.13 Conclusion 43References 433 Eco-Biochemical Studies of Common Seaweeds in the Lower Gangetic Delta 45Rajrupa Ghosh, Kakoli Banerjee and Abhijit Mitra3.1 Seaweeds: an overview 453.2 Commercial uses of seaweeds 463.3 Indian scenario 463.4 Biochemical composition of seaweeds with special reference to Indian Sundarbans 51References 554 Chemodiversity and Bioactivity within Red and Brown Macroalgae Along the French coasts, Metropole and Overseas Departements and Territories 58Nathalie Bourgougnon and Valerie Stiger-Pouvreau4.1 Introduction 584.2 Exploitation of marine algal resources 604.3 Why a focus on red and brown seaweeds? 644.4 Marine red seaweeds and biological activities 644.5 Marine brown seaweeds and biological activities 684.6 The use of metabolites from marine red and brown algae for their chemical defense 734.7 The use of metabolites as chemomarkers for taxonomy 814.8 Industrial uses of metabolites from marine red and brown algae 824.9 Conclusion 89Acknowledgments 89References 905 Physiological Basis for the use of Seaweeds as Indicators of Anthropogenic Pressures: The Case of Green Tides 106Jesús M. Mercado5.1 Introduction 1065.2 Light absorption 1075.3 Photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance 1085.4 Inorganic carbon acquisition 1105.5 Does the high capacity for using bicarbonate favor the development of green tides? 1115.6 Conclusions 111Acknowledgments 112References 1126 Significance of the Presence of Trace and Ultratrace Elements in Seaweeds 116Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro, Elena Peña-V´azquez and Pilar Bermejo-Barrera6.1 Introduction 1166.2 Mineral content in seaweed 1176.3 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweeds 1176.5 Chemical speciation 154References 164PART II Isolation and Chemical Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds7 Chemical Composition of Seaweeds 173Ladislava Mišurcová7.1 Introduction 1737.2 Various components of seaweeds 1747.3 Conclusion 186References 1868 Structural Peculiarities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Algae Tichocarpus crinitus (Tichocarpaceae) and Chondrus pinnulatus (Gigartinaceae) Collected at the Russian Pacific Coast 193Anna O. Barabanova and Irina M. Yermak8.1 Introduction 1938.2 Carrageenan sources in the Russian Far East 1968.3 The polysaccharide composition of algae in relation to the phase of its life cycle 1978.4 The rheological and viscosity properties of carrageenan from C. pinnulatus and T. crinitus 200References 2019 Extraction and Characterization of Seaweed Nanoparticles for Application on Cotton Fabric 205Sivalingam Thambidurai9.1 Introduction 2059.2 Textile materials 2059.3 Antimicrobial agents 2089.4 Seaweeds 2119.5 Extraction and characterization 2129.6 Antibacterial finishing 2169.7 Permanent finish 217Acknowledgments 217References 21810 Enzyme-assisted Extraction and Recovery of Bioactive Components from Seaweeds 221You-Jin Jeon, W.A.J.P Wijesinghe and Se-Kwon Kim10.1 Introduction 22110.2 Extraction of bioactive compounds from seaweeds 22210.3 Role of cell wall degrading enzymes 22210.4 Importance of enzyme treatment prior to extraction of bioactive compounds 22210.5 Selection of the enzyme/s and the extraction conditions 22210.6 Bioactive peptides from seaweeds 22310.7 Conclusions 226References 22611 Structure and Use of Algal Sulfated Fucans and Galactans 229Vitor H. Pomin11.1 Introduction 22911.2 Phylogenetic distribution 23011.3 Common methods for extraction and structural analyses 23011.4 General structural features related to phylogenetic occurrence 23911.5 Industrial applications 24211.6 Pharmacological properties 24711.6.7 Effects on cellular growth, migration and adhesion 25411.7 Major conclusions 255Acknowledgments 255References 25512 Bioactive Metabolites from Seaweeds 262Jing Hu, Bin Yang, Xiuping Lin, Xue-Feng Zhou, Xian-Wen Yang, and Yonghong Liu12.1 Introduction 26212.2 Chemical constituents 26312.3 Conclusions 280References 28113 Seaweed Digestibility and Methods Used for Digestibility Determination 285Ladislava Mišurcová13.1 Digestibility 28513.2 Methods of seaweed digestibility assessment 28713.3 Factors influencing digestibility of seaweed and seaweed products 29113.4 Evaluation of seaweed digestibility 29513.5 Contribution of seaweed to food and feed digestibility 29613.6 Conclusion 297References 29714 Metallation of Seaweed Fucus vesiculosus Metallothionein: As3+ and Cd2+ binding 302Thanh T. Ngu and Martin J. Stillman14.1 Introduction 30214.2 Characterization of the rfMT 30314.3 Equilibrium metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS and UV-visible absorption techniques 30414.4 Dynamic metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS techniques 30614.5 Conclusions 315Acknowledgments 315References 315PART III Biological Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds15 In Vivo and in Vitro Toxicity Studies of Fucoxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid 321Yoshimi Niwano and Fumiaki Beppu15.1 Introduction 32115.2 In vivo oral toxicity study 32115.3 In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity study 32415.4 Conclusion 327References 32716 Brown Seaweed Lipids as Potential Source of Omega-3 PUFA in Biological Systems 329Kazuo Miyashita, Bhaskar Narayan, Takayuki Tsukui, Hiroyuki Kamogawa, Masayuki Abe, and Masashi Hosokawa16.1 Introduction 32916.2 Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA 33016.3 Importance of omega-3 PUFA on human health 33116.4 Brown seaweed lipids 33216.5 Bioconversion of LN to DHA 33316.6 Hepatic DHA enhancement in mice by fucoxanthin 33316.7 Conclusion 335References 33517 Immune Regulatory Effects of Phlorotannins Derived From Marine Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) 340Phuong Hong Nguyen, il-Whan Choi, Se-Kwon Kim and Won-Kyo Jung17.1 Introduction 34017.2 Anti-inflammatory effects of phlorotannins on RAW264.7 macrophage cells 34317.3 Neuroprotective effects of phlorotannins on BV2 microglial cells 34417.4 Anti-allergic effects of phlorotannins 34417.5 Conclusion 346Acknowledgments 346References 34618 In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Seaweed Compounds 348Raquel Dom´ınguez Gonzalez, Vanessa Romaris Hortas and Pilar Bermejo Barrera18.1 Introduction 34818.2 Methods to study compound bioaccessibility 34918.3 In vivo versus in vitro methods 35218.4 Methods with cell culture models 35218.5 Conclusions 352References 35219 Brown Seaweed-Derived Phenolic Phytochemicals and Their Biological Activities for Functional Food Ingredients with Focus on Ascophyllum nodosum 356Emmanouil Apostolidis and Chong M. Lee19.1 Introduction: seaweed-derived functional food ingredients 35619.2 Major commercial brown seaweeds 35719.3 Brown seaweeds and phenolic phytochemicals 35919.4 Ascophyllum nodosum: importance and health benefits 36119.5 Conclusions 365References 36620 Antiobesity and Antidiabetic Effects of Seaweeds 371Chang-Suk Kong and Se-Kwon Kim20.1 Introduction 37120.2 Antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of seaweed 37220.3 Conclusions 375References 37521 Health Beneficial Aspects of Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Marine Brown Algae 378Noel Vinay Thomas and Se-Kwon Kim21.1 Introduction 37821.2 Phloroglucinol derivatives (phlorotannins) from marine brown algae 37821.3 Health beneficial aspects of brown algal phlorotannins 38121.4 Conclusions and future prospects 385References 38522 Biological Effects of Proteins Extracted from Marine Algae 387Taek-Jeong Nam22.1 Introduction 38722.2 Stimulatory effect of a glycoprotein from LAMINARIA Japonica on cell proliferation 38722.3 Chemoprotective effect of marine algae extracts against acetaminophen toxicity 389References 39623 Functional Ingredients from Marine Algae as Potential Antioxidants in the Food Industry 398Isuru Wijesekara, Mahinda Senevirathne, Yong-Xin Li and Se-Kwon Kim23.1 Introduction 39823.2 Marine algae-derived functional ingredients and their antioxidant effect 39923.3 Conclusion 401References 40124 Algal Carotenoids as Potent Antioxidants 403Kazuo Miyashita, M. Airanthi K. Widjaja-Adhi, Masayuki Abe, and Masashi Hosokawa24.1 Introduction 40324.2 Algal carotenoids 40424.3 Carotenoids as dietary antioxidants 40524.4 Brown seaweeds as rich source of antioxidants 40624.5 Antioxidant activity of algal carotenoids 40824.6 Antiobesity and antidiabetic effect of fucoxanthin 40924.7 Conclusion 410References 410PART IV Biotechnology of Seaweeds25 Anti-HIV Activities of Marine Macroalgae 417Thanh-Sang Vo, Dai-Hung Ngo and Se-Kwon Kim25.1 Introduction 41725.2 Potential anti-HIV agents from marine macroalgae 41725.3 Conclusion 421References 42126 Biotechnology of Seaweeds: Facing the Coming Decade 424Lin Hanzhi, Qin Song and Jiang Peng26.1 Introduction 42426.2 Biotechnology of seaweeds in ‘blue farming’ 42426.3 Biotechnology of seaweeds in the chemical industry and pharmacy 42526.4 Biotechnology of seaweeds in a changing world: their role in bioremediation and bioenergy 426Acknowledgment 427References 42727 Current Trends and Future Prospects of Biotechnological Interventions Through Plant Tissue Culture in Seaweeds 431Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed and Rosna Mat Taha27.1 Introduction 43127.2 Explants, sterilization and methods used in seaweed production 43227.3 Micropropagation of seaweeds 43427.4 Callus and cell suspension culture in seaweed production 43527.5 Bioprocess technology and cell culture in seaweed production 43627.6 Remarks and conclusion 438References 43828 Detoxification Mechanisms of Heavy Metals by Algal–Bacteria Consortia 441Enrique J. Peña-Salamanca, Ana Lucia Rengifo-Gallego and Neyla Benitez-Campo28.1 Introduction 44128.2 Mechanisms used by algae in heavy metals tolerance and removal 44228.3 Algal–bacterial mechanisms involved in heavy metal detoxification 44428.4 Algal–bacteria consortia in the red alga Bostrychia calliptera (Rhodomelaceae) 44528.5 Biological treatment of heavy metals 44628.6 Biotechnological applications 44728.7 Conclusions and future remarks 448References 448PART V Natural Resource Management and Industrial Applications of Seaweeds 29 Manufacturing Technology of Bioenergy Using Algae 453Gyung-Soo Kim29.1 Introduction 45329.2 Bioethanol types and characteristics 45329.3 Foreign and domestic bioethanol industries and technologies 45429.4 Algal biomass characteristics 45529.5 Red algae bioethanol production technology 45529.6 Future technology outlook 459Acknowledgments 459References 45930 Seaweed as an Adsorbent to Treat Cr(VI)-Contaminated Wastewater 461Saroj Sundar Baral30.1 Importance of chromium 46130.2 Harmful effects of Cr(VI) 46130.3 Different methods of treatment 46230.4 Case study on adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using seaweed Hydrilla verticillata 465References 47531 Using the Biomass of Seaweeds in the Production of Components of Feed and Fertilizers 478Katarzyna Chojnacka31.1 Introduction 47831.2 Seaweeds in fertilizers 47831.3 Seaweeds in feeds for animals 48131.4 Using the biomass of seaweeds enriched with microelements by biosorpion in nutrition of plants and animals 48431.5 Conclusions 486Acknowledgments 487References 48732 Applications of Seaweed in Meat-Based Functional Foods 491Susana Cofrades, In´es López-López and Francisco Jiménez-Colmenero32.1 Introduction 49132.2 Meat-based functional foods 49132.3 Seaweed as a functional food ingredient in meat products 49232.4 Conclusions 495Acknowledgment 496References 49633 Industrial Applications of Macroalgae 500A. Malshani Samaraweera, Janak K. Vidanarachchi and Maheshika S. Kurukulasuriya33.1 Introduction 50033.2 Composition of seaweeds 50033.3 Seaweeds as vegetables: their nutritive value 50333.4 Applications as functional foods 50533.5 Application of seaweeds as antioxidants in the food industry 50633.6 Industrial applications of phycocolloids 50833.7 Biomedical applications 51033.8 Macroalgal-derived cosmeceuticals 51333.9 Applications in agriculture 51433.10 Applications in pollution detection and control 51533.11 Utilization of macroalgae for energy production 51533.12 Conclusions 516References 51634 Application of Seaweeds in the Food Industry 522Cristina García Sartal, María Carmen Barciela Alonso and Pilar Bermejo Barrera34.1 Introduction 52234.2 Compounds extracted from algae of interest to the human nutrition industry 52234.3 Animal feeding 52734.4 Fertilizers 52834.5 Conclusion 529References 52935 A Dimensional Investigation on Seaweeds: Their Biomedical and Industrial Applications 532Sudha Narayanan Parapurath, Hebsibah Elsie Bernard, Dhanarajan Malli Subramaniamc and Ramya Ramamurthy35.1 Introduction 53235.2 Biomedical applications of seaweeds 53435.3 Industrial applications of seaweeds 53735.4 Conclusion 538Acknowledgment 538References 53836 Seaweed Polysaccharides – Food Applications 541Vazhiyil Venugopal Menon36.1 Introduction 54136.2 Major functions of polysaccharides in a food system 54136.3 Interactions of polysaccharides with food components 54236.4 Major food applications of polysaccharides 54236.5 Regulatory and commercial aspects 551References 552Index 557