Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare

Sarah Wolfensohn OBE BSc MA VetMB CertLAS  FSB DipECLAM Dip ECAWBM-AW MRCVS. Sarah is currently an independent consultant in animal health and welfare, and was formerly Head of Department, Veterinary Services at University of Oxford.Maggie Lloyd MA VetMB DipHE CertLAS MRCVS.  Maggie has 20 years’ experience as a named veterinary surgeon and as an Animals (Scientific Procedures) Inspector at The Home Office. She is currently an independent veterinary consultant.

• Acknowledgements xvii1 Education and Training for the Personal Licence Holder 1Introduction 1Framework for Education and Training of Licence Holders 2Core modules 4Prerequisite and additional modules 4Education and training in the UK 4Aims of Accredited Training 4Continuing Professional Development and Reflective Practice 5Summary 5References 62 Ethical Considerations around using Animals in Research 7History of the Use of Animals in Research 7The Ethics of Using Animals in Experiments 9The Local Ethical Review Process 12Measuring harms and benefits 12The Principles of the Three RS 13Replacement 13Reduction 14Refinement 15Prospective, ongoing and retrospective review: reflective practice and the refinement loop 15Public Perceptions 17Transparency and freedom of information 18References 183 The Regulatory Framework 21Introduction to Legislation Regulating the Use of Animals in Research 21European legislation 22The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 22Protected animals 23Regulated procedures 23Exemptions 24Licensing of places 24The personal licence 25Project licences 28The Section 2C licence 30Additional controls 32Administration of the Act 33Assessment of licences and inspection of premises 33Offences and infringements 33Communication 34Statistics of Animal Usage 34Other Relevant Legislation 34References 364 Balancing Animal Welfare with Science 37Welfare versus Science? 37What is Welfare? 37Quality of life 38Why assess welfare? 39Who should assess welfare? 40How to assess welfare 40Development of welfare assessment systems 44Consideration of cumulative suffering 46References 485 Animal Husbandry, Environmental Enrichment and Occupational Health and Safety 51Animal Husbandry 51Types of housing 52Bedding and nesting materials 54Nutrition 54Environment 55Handling techniques 56Environmental Enrichment 56Evaluation of enrichment and other refinements to housing and care 58Evaluating the effect of a potential refinement on animals 58Evaluating the effect of a potential refinement on science 61Evaluating the effect of a potential refinement on animal house management 62Supply and Transport 63Aspects of Health, Safety and Security Affecting Animal Care 64COSHH, CLP and REACH 65Genetically modified organisms 66Health and safety in animal facilities 67Miscellaneous health and safety hazards and risks 71Acknowledgements 74References and Further Reading 746 Principles of Animal Use and Experimental Design 77Principles of Experimental Design 77Minimising variation 78Selection of animals: species, strain, genetically altered animals 79Genetic and Welfare Monitoring of GA and HM Animals 81Background health status 82Sources of infection 83Health monitoring 84Biosecurity and containment for rodents 86References 877 Handling and Techniques 89Prior Considerations 89Training and competence of operator 89Acclimatisation 90Training of animals 90Restraint of animals 90Equipment 91Administration of Substances 91ADME 91Administration volumes 93Administration techniques 93Legal considerations 103Removal of Blood 104Quality of samples 104Technique for venipuncture 105Methods of venipuncture in different species 108Placement and Maintenance of Indwelling Cannulae 111Withdrawal of blood 112Long-term cannulation 112Removal of cannulae 112Potential sequelae 112Arterial Sampling and Arterial Loops 113Needle puncture 113Arterial cannulae 113Arterial loops 113Miscellaneous Procedures 113Creation and maintenance of fistulae 113Administration techniques 114Sampling 115Antibody production 116Equipment for Blood Collection and Administration of Substances 119Over-the-needle cannulae 119Evacuated blood-collection tubes 119Butterfly needles 120Tourniquets 120Vasodilating agents 120References 1208 Humane Methods of Killing 123Ethical Considerations in Killing Animals 123Legal constraints 123When to kill an animal 123Preparation for humane killing 125Methods of Euthanasia 127Chemical methods of euthanasia 127Physical methods of euthanasia 130Other methods of euthanasia 131Schedule 1 methods 132References 1339 Anaesthesia and Analgesia 137Introduction 137Pre-Anaesthetic Care and Evaluation 138Acclimatisation 138Training 138Fasting 138Handling 139Health status 139Local anaesthetics 139Premedication 139General Anaesthesia 142General principles 142Balanced anaesthesia 142Administration of anaesthetics 143Inhalation anaesthesia 144Injectable anaesthesia 151Long-term and non-recovery anaesthesia 164Recovery and post-anaesthetic care 165Local anaesthetics 166Anaesthetic Management 167Physiological stability 167Depth of anaesthesia 170Equipment monitoring 171Anaesthetic Emergencies 171Muscle Relaxation During Anaesthesia 172Monitoring anaesthesia under neuromuscular blocking agents 173Neuromuscular blocking agents 173References 17410 Introduction to Surgery and Surgical Techniques 177Pre-Surgical Preparation 177Animal 177Instruments and equipment 178Facilities 178Personnel 178Principles of Aseptic Technique 179Atmosphere 180Surgical team 180Instruments 181Methods of sterilisation 181Preparation of the animal 183Summary of Lasa Guidelines on Rodent Surgery 184Conduct of Surgical Procedures 184Inflammation and wound healing 184Types of healing 185Factors affecting healing 186Performance of surgical procedures 187Surgical Instruments 189Skin incision 190Dissection 191Haemostasis 191Wound closure 193Other instruments 193Suturing Techniques and Materials 195Suture needles 196Suture placement 197Surgical knots 197Suture patterns 198Suture materials 201Sizes of suture 206Packaging 206Summary 207References 20711 Small Laboratory Animals 209Rodents 209Dentition 209Nutrition and digestion 210Water 210Behaviour 211Senses and communication 211Housing 211Environment 211Anaesthesia 212Mouse 212Behaviour 212Communication 213Feeding 214Environment 215Breeding 215Growth 215Handling 216Pain and stress recognition 217Common diseases and health monitoring 218Biological data and useful reference data 218Rat 218Behaviour 219Housing 219Feeding 220Water 220Environment 220Breeding 220Growth and development 221Handling 221Pain and stress recognition 222Common diseases and health monitoring 223Biological data and useful reference data 223Hamster 223Behaviour 224Housing 224Feeding 225Water 225Environment 226Breeding 226Handling 227Pain and stress recognition 227Common diseases and health monitoring 227Biological data and useful reference data 227Gerbil 227Behaviour 228Housing 229Feeding 229Water 230Environment 230Breeding 230Handling 230Pain and stress recognition 231Common diseases and health monitoring 231Biological data and useful reference data 231Guinea Pig 232Behaviour 232Housing 233Feeding and water 233Environment 234Breeding 234Growth 234Handling 235Recognition of pain and stress 235Common diseases and health monitoring 235Anaesthesia 236Biological data and useful reference data 236Rabbit 237Behaviour 237Housing 238Feeding 239Water 240Environment 240Breeding 241Growth 241Handling 242Pain and stress recognition 242Common diseases and health monitoring 243Biological data and useful reference data 243Anaesthesia in the rabbit 243References 24412 Carnivores 247Dog 247Behaviour 248Housing 249Feeding 249Water 250Environment 250Breeding 250Growth 251Handling 251Pain and stress recognition 251Common diseases and health monitoring 253Biological data and useful reference data 253Anaesthesia 254Ferret 254Behaviour 255Housing 255Feeding 256Water 257Environment 257Breeding 257Growth 258Handling 258Pain and stress recognition 259Common diseases and health monitoring 259Biological data and useful reference data 260Anaesthesia 260References 26113 Primates 263Use of Primates in Research 263New World Monkeys 263Marmoset 264Old World Monkeys 266Sources, supply and transportation 266Breeding 268Housing 269Feeding/watering 271Health Monitoring, Quarantine and Common Diseases 272Health-screening programme 273Laboratory Procedures 274Handling and restraint 274Training 275Administration of substances, blood sampling 276Telemetry 277Anaesthesia, analgesia and post-operative care 277Husbandry post-surgery 277Welfare 278Natural behaviour 278Assessment of welfare 279Euthanasia 281Record keeping 281References 28114 Production (Farm) Animals 287C. J. TrowerPoultry 287Biology 288Domestic Chicken 289Behaviour 289Housing 289Feeding 290Water 290Environment 291Breeding 291Handling 292Techniques 292Pain and stress recognition 294Common diseases and health monitoring 294Biological data and useful reference data 295Anaesthesia of chickens 296Ruminants 296Sheep 297Behaviour 298Housing 298Feeding 299Water 300Environment 300Breeding 300Handling 301Pain and stress recognition 302Common diseases and health monitoring 302Anaesthesia and surgery 304Useful data 304Goats 305Behaviour 306Housing 306Feeding 306Water 307Environment 307Breeding 307Handling 307Pain and stress recognition 307Common diseases and health monitoring 308Anaesthesia and analgesia 308Cattle 308Behaviour 308Housing 309Feeding 309Environment 310Breeding 310Handling 310Pain and stress recognition 311Common diseases and health monitoring 311Anaesthesia 312Useful data 312Pigs 312Supply 313Behaviour 313Housing 313Feeding 314Water 315Environment 316Breeding 316Growth 317Handling 317Pain and stress recognition 318Common diseases and health monitoring 318Techniques 319Anaesthesia 319Useful data 321References and Further Reading 321References 321Further reading 32115 Wild Animals 323General Considerations 323Legislation and Guidance 323Considerations under the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 324Project Planning 325Catching and Trapping 325Handling Wild Animals 326Anaesthesia of Wild Animals 326General considerations 326Inhalational anaesthesia 329Injectable anaesthesia 330Identification of Wild Animals 333Release of Animals Back to the Wild 334References 33516 Aquatic Species 337Introduction 337Fish 337Sources of fish 338General biology 338Biological data 338Husbandry 338Water quality 340Feeding 340Handling and Techniques 340Identification 341Anaesthesia 342Administration of compounds 342Collection of samples 343Surgery 344Post-operative care and analgesia 344Health and disease 345Recognition of pain and distress 345Euthanasia 346Zebrafish 346Sources of fish 346Behaviour 347Husbandry 347Feeding 347Breeding 348Health and disease 349Rainbow Trout 349Feeding 349Breeding 349Health and disease 350Amphibians 350Biology and behaviour 351Identification 352Husbandry 352Feeding 353Breeding 354Handling 355Anaesthesia 355Techniques 356Surgery 356Health and disease 356Euthanasia 357References 357Glossary 359Index 363

“In summary, this is a useful book which contains a great deal of information on many of the environmental and technical aspects of laboratory animal management.”  (BTS News, 1 September 2014)The result is a solid pick for any collection concerned with laboratory and testing conditions.”  (Midwest Book Reviews, 1 August 2013)