Geosynthetics from Yesterday to Today

Pascal Villard works as a University Professor at Grenoble Alpes University, France, and as a researcher at the 3SR-Lab. He is also Lecturer in Civil Engineering at Grenoble IUT1.

• Foreword xiJ.p. GiroudAcknowledgements xvChapter 1 Geosynthetics: Function, Properties and Characterization 1Pascal VILLARD1.1 Definition 11.1.1 Geotextiles and geotextile-related products 21.1.2 Geomembranes 21.1.3 Geosynthetic clay barriers 31.1.4 Standard practices 31.2 The various functions and applications of geosynthetics 41.2.1 Separation 51.2.2 Filtration 51.2.3 Drainage 61.2.4 Reinforcement 71.2.5 Sealing 91.2.6 Protection 91.2.7 Erosion protection 101.2.8 Crack inhibition 101.3 Properties of geosynthetics and principal characterization tests 111.3.1 Mechanical properties 111.3.2 Hydraulic properties 131.3.3 Properties of the interface 161.4 Developments and additions 191.5 References 20Chapter 2 Reinforcement 23Philippe DELMAS and Jean-Pierre GOURC2.1 Introduction 232.2 Soil reinforcement mechanisms 242.3 Reinforcement geosynthetics and their characterization when used as reinforcement 282.3.1 The different types 282.3.2 Nominal characteristics and general behaviors 292.4 Design and installation of geosynthetic reinforcements 432.4.1 Reinforcing an embankment on soft soil: a case of deliberately accepted partial punching (Aulnois embankment) 452.4.2 Reinforcement of an embankment on soft soil: examining circular failure (A64, the Guiche test embankment, France) 512.4.3 Stabilization of a thin layer on a slope: the case of stabilization of a geosynthetic lining system on a slope 582.4.4 Reinforcement of an embankment over potential subsidence area 652.4.5 Reinforced multilayer embankment 712.5 References 77Chapter 3 Numerical Models Specific to Reinforcement 81Audrey HUCKERT and Francis TANO3.1 Introduction 813.1.1 The place of numerical modeling in designing geosynthetics 813.1.2 General information: continuous modeling 823.1.3 General information: discrete modeling 843.2 Applying continuous modeling 873.2.1 Principle behind the modeling of the geosynthetic reinforcement 883.2.2 Application of continuous modeling – Example 1 903.2.3 Application of continuous modeling – Example 2 943.3 Application of discrete modeling 963.3.1 Principle behind the modeling of the geosynthetic reinforcement 963.3.2 Example of application 1: wall made of reinforced soil 1013.3.3 Example of application 2: safeguarding against the risk of cavities 1063.4 References 110Chapter 4 Barrier and Drainage Functions: Non-hazardous Waste Landfills and Hydraulic Structures 113Nathalie TOUZE4.1 Introduction 1134.2 Geosynthetic barriers 1144.2.1 The barrier function 1144.2.2 The geosynthetic materials used to make barriers 1144.2.3 Performance of the barriers 1194.3 Geosynthetic sealing systems 1214.3.1 Support structure 1214.3.2 Upper protective structure 1244.4 Drainage 1274.4.1 Definition of the concept of drainage 1274.4.2 Specific information related to waste storage facilities 1284.4.3 Specific features of hydraulic structures 1284.5 Concept of equivalence 1304.5.1 Case of the passive barrier 1304.5.2 Drainage 1314.6 The impact of transfers within the barriers 1324.6.1 Importance of inspections during installation 1324.6.2 Quantification of transfers 1334.7 Points to remember 1404.8 References 142Chapter 5 Geosynthetic Filters: Uses, Feedback from Experience and Current Research 147Guillaume STOLTZ5.1 Introduction 1475.2 General information on filtration using geosynthetics 1485.2.1 Filtration function 1485.2.2 Filter geosynthetics and drainage geocomposites 1505.2.3 The role of geotextile filters and their applications 1535.2.4 Reference documents for design 1555.3 Design methodology (compacted soils) 1565.3.1 General principles 1565.3.2 Essential characteristics of geotextile filters 1585.3.3 Design criteria 1605.3.4 Causes of failure 1645.3.5 Compatibility tests for soil–geotextile combinations 1685.3.6 Going further 1715.4 Geotextile filtration of a suspension or sludge 1745.5 Feedback from experience from earthwork structures 1755.5.1 Introduction 1755.5.2 Roissard trench drains 1765.5.3 Valcros dam 1775.6 Conclusion 1795.7 References 180Chapter 6 Durability of Geosynthetics 185Laetitia VAN SCHOORS and Fabienne FARCAS6.1 Introduction 1856.2 Main causes for the aging of geosynthetics 1876.2.1 Physical aging 1876.2.2 Chemical aging 1896.3 Impact of aging on the performance of geosynthetics 1926.3.1 Polyolefins 1936.3.2 Polyvinyl chloride 1966.3.3 Polyethylene terephthalate 1986.3.4 Polyamides and polyaramids 2036.3.5 Polyvinyl alcohol 2066.4 Conclusion 2076.5 References 208Chapter 7 A Review of the Use and Behavior of Geosynthetics in France in the Past 50 Years 215Jean-Pierre GOURC and Philippe DELMAS7.1 Relevance of a review of decades-old geosynthetic constructions 2157.1.1 Concepts and geotechnology 2167.1.2 Design and construction 2167.1.3 Long-term behavior and lessons learnt from the application 2177.2 Older structures studied 2177.3 Maraval (1976): dam with reinforced downstream wall 2197.4 Prapoutel (1982): retaining structure in reinforced soil 2207.4.1 Concept and geotechnology 2207.4.2 Design and construction 2237.4.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2247.5 Les Hospices de France (1987): retaining structure 2267.5.1 Concept and geotechnology 2267.5.2 Design and construction 2277.5.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2297.6 Foix-Tarascon highway (1993): retaining structure 2317.6.1 Concept and geotechnology 2317.6.2 Design and construction 2327.6.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2367.7 Lixing (1984): landslide stabilization using reinforced structures 2377.7.1 Concept and geotechnology 2377.7.2 Design and construction 2387.7.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2417.8 Brides-les-Bains: reinforced segmental walls 2427.8.1 Concept and geotechnology 2427.8.2 Design and construction 2447.8.3 Lesson learnt from the application 2457.9 Gif-sur-Yvette (1988): retaining structure 2477.9.1 Concept and geotechnology 2477.9.2 Design and construction 2497.9.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2507.10 Frontenex (1992): cover for a spherical gas tank 2517.10.1 Concept and geotechnology 2517.10.2 Design and construction 2527.10.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2537.11 Trois Lucs à la Valentine (1990): reinforcement over cavity 2547.11.1 Design and geotechnology 2547.11.2 Design and construction 2557.11.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2587.12 Roissard (1993): trench drain 2637.12.1 Concept and geotechnology 2637.12.2 Design and construction 2637.12.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2677.13 Valcros 2707.13.1 Design and geotechnology 2707.13.2 Design and construction 2717.13.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2727.14 Ospedale (1979): upstream sealing on an earth dam 2787.14.1 Concept and geotechnology 2787.14.2 Design and construction 2807.14.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the structure 2827.15 Aubrac (1986): upstream sealing of an earth dam 2867.15.1 Concept and geotechnology 2867.15.2 Design and construction 2867.15.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the structure 2897.16 Jonage (1994): bank protection 2917.16.1 Concept and geotechnology 2917.16.2 Design and construction 2927.16.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2937.17 Pont-de-Claix (1974): industrial reservoir 2947.17.1 Concept and geotechnology 2947.17.2 Design and construction 2967.17.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 2987.18 La Hague (1991–1997): cover lining for low-level activity nuclear waste disposal center 3017.18.1 Concept and geotechnology 3017.18.2 Design and construction 3037.18.3 Ageing and lessons learnt from the application 3057.19 References 310List of Authors 315Index 317