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A riveting introduction to the complex and evolving field of geospatial intelligence.Although geospatial intelligence is a term of recent origin, its underpinnings have a long and interesting history. Geospatial Intelligence: Origins and Evolution shows how the current age of geospatial knowledge evolved from its ancient origins to become ubiquitous in daily life across the globe. Within that framework, the book weaves a tapestry of stories about the people, events, ideas, and technologies that affected the trajectory of what has become known as GEOINT. Author Robert M. Clark explores the historical background and subsequent influence of fields such as geography, cartography, remote sensing, photogrammetry, geopolitics, geophysics, and geographic information systems on GEOINT. Although its modern use began in national security communities, Clark shows how GEOINT has rapidly extended its reach to other government agencies, NGOs, and corporations. This global explosion in the use of geospatial intelligence has far-reaching implications not only for the scientific, academic, and commercial communities but for a society increasingly reliant upon emerging technologies. Drones, the Internet of things, and cellular devices transform how we gather information and how others can collect that information, to our benefit or detriment.
Robert M. Clark is an expert in national intelligence and has authored or coauthored six books on the subject, including Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach. He is currently an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University and an adjunct faculty member at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. Clark has previously served as a CIA senior analyst and group chief and as cofounder and CEO of the Scientific and Technical Analysis Corporation.
List of Illustrations PrefacePrologueList of Abbreviations1. Intelligence and Geospatial IntelligenceThe Boundaries of IntelligenceGeospatial TerminologyThe Power of a Single WordDefining Geospatial Intelligence2. A Brief History of Maps and ChartsMappingThe Silk Road CartographyPhotogrammetry Nautical ChartsAeronautical ChartsEstablishing Claims with CartographyChapter Summary3. TerrainMeasuring and Representing TerrainDigital Elevation ModelsMilitary Use of TerrainCivil Use of TerrainOceanographic TerrainChapter Summary4. NavigationCelestial NavigationRadio NavigationSatellite NavigationChapter Summary5. GeopoliticsMahan’s Sea Power TheoryMackinder’s Heartland TheoryGerman GeopolitikSpykman’s Rimland TheoryThe Continuing Influence of Geopolitical TheoriesThematic CartographyGeopolitical Strategy Chapter Summary6. Geographic Information SystemsThe Cluttered MapHard Copy LayersRoger Tomlinson, the Father of GISThe Harvard ConnectionESRI and IntergraphInteractive Maps and ChartsThe GIS Choice: Raster or Vector?The Power of GIS The Explosion of GIS Applications Are Paper Maps Obsolete?GIS and GEOINTChapter Summary 7. GeolocationGeolocation BasicsUsing Imagery Radiofrequency Geolocation Acoustic Geolocation Cyber Geolocation Chapter Summary8. Gaining the High GroundGettysburgObservation Towers Lighter-than-Air Craft Exotic Approaches to the High GroundAircraftChapter Summary9. The Ultimate High GroundRemote-Sensing SatellitesGovernment Nonmilitary Applications Military ApplicationsCommercial Imaging SatellitesChapter Summary10. Visible Imaging Aerial Film Cameras Satellite Film Cameras Digital Cameras Video CamerasGetting the Image RightAnalyzing the ImageChapter Summary11. Spectral ImagingThe Infrared Bands The Ultraviolet SpectrumImaging outside the Visible BandSpectral Imagers Chapter Summary 12. Radar ImagingConventional RadarSide-Looking Airborne RadarSynthetic Aperture RadarLaser RadarChapter Summary 13. The Drivers of Geospatial IntelligenceDenial and Deception Fleeting Targets Precision and Accuracy Outside Expertise Characterizing Oceans and Ocean Traffic New Issues A Complete Picture Chapter Summary 14. The Tools of Geospatial IntelligenceGeomaticsGeographic Information SystemGeovisualization Big Data Data Analytics and Visual Analytics Geospatial Simulation Modeling Chapter Summary 15. Sociocultural GEOINTSociocultural Factors in Conflict ResolutionActivity-Based Intelligence Pattern-of-Life AnalysisVolunteered Geographic InformationInvoluntary Geographic InformationChapter Summary16. The Story of the National Geospatial-Intelligence AgencyThe Defense Mapping AgencyThe National Photographic Interpretation CenterThe National Imagery and Mapping Agency’s StandupA Tale of Two CitiesThe Fight to SurviveThe NGA’s StandupReaching OutEstablishing the Boundaries of GEOINTChapter Summary17. The GEOINT ExplosionUS Geospatial Intelligence OrganizationsFive Eyes GEOINOther National GEOINT OrganizationsTransnational GEOINT OrganizationsChapter Summary18. Non-National Geospatial IntelligenceState/Provincial and Local GovernmentNongovernmental OrganizationsChapter Summary19. Commercial GEOINTGeospatial Business IntelligenceStrategic GEOINTOperational GEOINTGeospatial Competitive IntelligenceChapter Summary20. The Road AheadPredicting the FutureThe Future of CartographyThe Tools Applications of GEOINTNational-Level GEOINT The Challenge of Ubiquitous GEOINTChapter SummaryGlossarySelected Bibliography IndexAbout the Author
It is a pioneering text suitable for everyone’s reading list as well as the classroom.