Geology of the Netherlands

Johan ten Veen is senior geologist at TNO- Geological Survey of the Netherlands and is specialized in providing understanding of the subsurface potential to serve the current energy transition Geert-Jan Vis is a geologist at TNO- Geological Survey of the Netherlands, specialized on the stratigraphy of the Netherlands and currently focused on the southeast Netherlands (South Limburg) related to his involvement in the Einstein Telescope project. Jan de Jager is an experienced exploration geologist with broad background in regional geology, structural geology, depositional systems and prospect evaluation. Theo Wong† was a Surinamese-Dutch geologist and part-time professor at the Anton de Kom University of Suriname. From 1986 to 2007, he worked at the Geological Survey of the Netherlands (later TNO). After retirement from the Geological Survey of the Netherlands (later TNO) and Utrecht University he became an independent consultant in the petroleum and mining industry. Theo passed away in 2024.

• Foreword, Introduction, 1 Geological development, 2 The geological foundation of the Netherlands: the early Carboniferous, Devonian and older, 3 Late Carboniferous, 4 Permian, 5 Triassic, 6 Rhaetian to Middle Jurassic: the Altena Group, 7 Late Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, 8 Late Cretaceous, 9 Paleogene-Neogene, 10 Quaternary, 11 Magmatism in the Netherlands: expression of the north-west European rifting history, 12 Salt Tectonics, 13 Sediment mineralogy and geochemistry, 14 Petroleum Geology, 15 Peat, coal and coalbed methane, 16 Salt Production, 17 Hydrogeology, 18 Surface Mineral Resources, 19 Geothermal energy, 20 Underground storage, 21 Radioactive waste, 22 Natural and induced seismicity, 23 Subsidence, 24 Geomodelling