Genetically Modified and non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains

Co-Existence and Traceability

Inbunden, Engelska, 2012

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In the European Union nations, and other countries including Japan, Australia and Malaysia, it is a legal requirement that food products containing genetically modified organism (GMO) materials are labelled as such in order that customers may make informed purchasing decisions. For manufacturers and consumers to be confident about these assertions, systems must be in place along the entire food chain which support the co-existence of GM and non GM materials whilst maintaining a strict segregation between the two. This book is an output of a European Union-funded project entitled "Co-Extra: GM and non-GM food and feed supply chains: their Co-Existence and Traceability". The objective of this four year project is to provide practical tools and methods for implementing co-existence that will: enable the co-existence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM cropsenable the segregation and tracing of genetically modified organism (GMO) materials and derived products along the food and feed chainsanticipate the future expansion of the use of GMOsThe project is designed to foster a robustly science-based debate amongst all of the stakeholders involved in the food and feed chains, and the tools will be assessed not only from a technical point of view but with regard to the economic and legal aspects. It also surveys the GMO-related legal regimes and practices that exist in and beyond the EU.This book examines the practical tools and methods available to implement the co-existence and traceability of GM and non-GM food materials along the entire food and feed chains, as demanded by consumers and by legislation in force in the EU and elsewhere. GM and Non-GM Supply Foods is a source of valuable information for food manufacturers, food research institutions and regulatory bodies internationally.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2012-11-02
Mått196 x 254 x 33 mm
Vikt1 542 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor688
FörlagJohn Wiley and Sons Ltd
ISBN9781444337785

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List of Contributors xiiiForeword xxiG. Riba. Vice-Chairman of INRAPart 1: Introduction 11 Introduction to the GM and Non-GM Supply Chain Co-Existence and Traceability 3Y. Bertheau, J. Davison1.1 Introduction 31.2 GMO Development 31.3 Opinions and Attitudes of European Citizens and Consumers 41.4 The Different Regulatory Frames and Risk Perception 61.5 European Traceability and Co-Existence Frames 81.6 Other Issues 111.7 Conclusion 12References 12Part 2: Managing Gene Flow 212 Contributions of Pollen and Seed to Impurity in Crops – A Comparison of Maize, Oilseed Rape and Beet 23G.R. Squire, J. Lecomte, A. Hüsken, J. Soukup, A. Messéan2.1 Introduction 232.2 Maize 232.3 Oilseed Rape 262.4 Beet 292.5 Comparison of Species Based on Plant Traits 30References 323 Co-Existence Issues of GM Sugar Beet 35H. Darmency3.1 Introduction 353.2 Sugar Beet in the World 353.3 Overview of Sugar Beet Biology and Agronomy 363.4 Pre-cultivation Co-existence Issues 393.5 Consequences of Co-existence for the Cropping System in a Region 423.6 Consequences of Co-existence for the Genetic Resources 453.7 Post-harvest Co-existence Issues 453.8 Conclusion 46References 464 Ex Ante Evaluation of Gene Flow in Oilseed Rape with Cropping System Models 49N. Colbach4.1 Introduction 494.2 Modelling Approach 504.3 The Simulation Methodology 514.4 Perspectives 58References 595 Biological Containment Strategies for Transgenic Crops 61R.A. de Maagd, K. Boutilier5.1 Introduction 615.2 Auxotrophy 625.3 Inhibition of Flowering and Complete Sterility 625.4 Cleistogamy 635.5 Transgene Excision 645.6 Chloroplast Transformation 655.7 Male Sterility 675.8 Parthenocarpy 685.9 Apomixis 695.10 Reduced Shattering 705.11 Blocking Seed Germination 705.12 Inhibiting Seed Dormancy 725.13 Transgenic Mitigation 725.14 Concluding Remarks 73References 736 Long-Distance Pollen Flow in Large Fragmented Landscapes 79Y. Brunet, S. Dupont, S. Delage, D. Garrigou, D. Guyon, S. Dayau, P. Tulet, J.-P. Pinty, C. Lac, J. Escobar, A. Audran, X. Foueillassar6.1 Introduction 796.2 Evidence for Long-distance Cross-pollination of Maize 806.3 Modelling Regional Pollen Transport 816.4 Model Evaluation 836.5 Simulated Regional Pollen Dispersal 846.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 84References 877 Current and Future Availability of Non-Genetically Modifi ed Soybean Seeds in the USA, Brazil and Argentina 89J. Milanesi7.1 Introduction 897.2 Global Overview of the Soybean and Soybean Seed Markets and Related Short-term Issues 907.3 Soybean Plant Breeding and Availability of Non-GM Soybean Seeds 947.4 The Future of Non-GM Plant Breeding 1047.5 Conclusion 109References 110Part 3: Co-Existence in Food and Feed Supply Chains 1138 Consumers’ Opinions and Attitudes Towards Co-existence of GM and Non-GM Food Products 115M. Costa-Font, R.B. Tranter, J.M. Gil 8.1 Introduction 1158.2 Study Methodology 1168.3 Literature Review Results 1208.4 Consumer Survey Results 1218.5 Conclusions 124References 1249 Evaluation of Collection Strategies for Landscape and Product Flow Management 127F.C. Coléno, F. Angevin9.1 Introduction 1279.2 Evaluation of Co-Existence Management Strategies for Grain Merchants 1289.3 Evaluation of Collection Strategies at the Landscape Level 1349.4 Conclusion 135References 13810 Empirical Analysis of Co-Existence in Commodity Supply Chains 141N. Gryson, M. Eeckhout, A. Messéan, L-G. Soler, B. Lécroart, A. Trouillier, M. Le Bail, J. Bez, R. Bourgier, J. Copeland, M. Gylling, M. Maciejczak, V. Megliè, K. Menrad, A. Gabriel, M. Stolze, C. Tapia, G. Ghezan, V. Pelaez, R. Rocha dos Santos10.1 Introduction 14110.2 Framework 14110.3 Methodology 14310.4 Results 14510.5 Conclusion 155References 15711 Modelling and Assessing the Impacts of the Co-Existence Between GM and non-GM Supply Chains: The Starch Maize Supply Chain Example 161B. Lecroart, A. Messéan, L-G. Soler11.1 Introduction 16111.2 Material Flow and Risks of Commingling in the Starch Maize Supply Chain 16211.3 Model Description 16311.4 Sensitivity Analysis 16711.5 Results and Discussion 17011.6 Conclusion 173References 17312 Costs of Segregation and Traceability Between GM and Non-GM Supply Chains of Single Crop and Compound Food/Feed Products 177K. Menrad, A. Gabriel, J. Bez, M. Gylling, A. Larsen, M. Maciejczak, M. Stolze, N. Gryson, M. Eeckhout, N. Pensel, R. Rocha dos Santos, A. Messéan12.1 Objectives 17712.2 Introduction and Regulatory Framework 17712.3 Methodology 17912.4 Results 18112.5 Conclusions 189References 19113 Labelling and Co-Existence Regulation of GMOs and Non-GMOs: An Economic Perspective 193M. Desquilbet, S. Poret13.1 Introduction 19313.2 To What Extent Do Consumers Value Non-GM Goods Over GM Goods and Why? 19413.3 Labelling May Improve Welfare But Is Not A First-Rank Policy to Address Consumer Concerns 20113.4 Externality Costs of Co-Existence Without A Co-existence Regulation 20413.5 Co-Existence Regulation 20513.6 Conclusion 209Appendix 210References 21114 Co-Existence and Traceability in Supply Chains: A Case Study on Belgian Compound Feed 215N. Gryson, M. Eeckhout14.1 Compound Feed Production 21514.2 Traceability and Segregation Systems 21814.3 Other Costs and Benefi ts along the Supply Chain 22414.4 Changing Strategies 23014.5 Conclusion 236References 237Part 4: Traceability and Controls in Food and Feed Supply Chains 24315 GMO Sampling Strategies in Food and Feed Chains 245R. Onori, J. Šuštar-Vozliè, G. Bellocchi, G. Berben, A. Blejec, C. Brera, Z. Èergan (Deceased), M. Debeljak, M. De Giacomo, M. De Vivo, T. Esteve, E. Janssen, P. Kozjak, F. Leprince, R. Macarthur, A. Malcevschi, N. Marmiroli, V. Megliè, E. Melé, J. Messeguer, M. Miraglia, A. Nadal, R. Oger, E. Palmaccio, M. Pla, V. Planchon, E. Prantera, K. Rostohar, B. Vršèaj15.1 Introduction 24515.2 The EC Recommendation 2004/787: Methodologies, Applications and Limitations 24615.3 Co-Extra Results for Different Scenarios of the Food and Feed Chain 24615.4 Conclusion 267References 26916 Harmonised Reference Genes and PCR Assays for GMO Quantification 273I. Taverniers, N. Papazova, T. Allnutt, S. Baumler, Y. Bertheau, T. Esteve, R. Freyer, K. Gruden, B. Kuznetzov, J. Luis La Paz, A. Nadal, M. Pla, J. Vojvoda, D. Wulff, D. Zhang216.1 Introduction: Regulatory Framework on Reference Assays 27316.2 Overview of Existing Reference Assays 27416.3 Reliability Testing of Existing Reference Assays 27416.4 Harmonised Definitions, Terminology and Technical Criteria for Designing New Reference Assays 27716.5 Core Collections for Specifi city, Uniformity and Stability Testing of Reference Assays for GMO Quantification 28016.6 Conclusion 289References 29017 The Modular Approach in GMO Quality Control and Enforcement Support Systems 293M. Van den Bulcke, G. Bellocchi, G. Berben, M. Burns, K. Cankar, M. De Giacomo, K. Gruden, A. Holst-Jensen, A. Malcewsky, M. Mazzara, R. Onori, N. Papazova, E. Parlouer, I. Taverniers, S. Trapmann, D. Wulff, D. Zhang217.1 Enforcing the Legal GMO Framework by Harmonised Control Analysis 29317.2 Validation of GMO Test Methods: A Modular Versus a Global Approach 29417.3 Co-Extra Assessment of the Modular Approach in GMO Analysis 29517.4 Decision Support Systems (DSS) Within a Modular Approach 30317.5 Modular Approaches and Enforcement Implementation 30417.6 Conclusion 304References 30518 Reliability and Cost of GMO Detection 307K. Gruden, T.R. Allnutt, M. Ayadi, S. Baeumler, C. Bahrdt, G. Berben, K.G. Berdal, Y. Bertheau, C. Bøydler Andersen, P. Brodmann, M. Buh Gašpariè, M.J. Burns, A.M. Burrel, K. Cankar, T. Esteve, A. Holst-Jensen, A.B. Kristoffersen, J. La Paz, D. Lee, A. Løvseth, R. Macarthur, D. Morisset, M. Pla, R.B. Rud, C. Skjæret, T. Tengs, H. Valdivia, D. Wulff, D. Zhang2, J. ?el18.1 Introduction 30718.2 Accurate Determination of the Limit of Detection Associated with GMO Analysis 30818.3 Improvements in the Limit of Quantification 31018.4 Reliability of GMO Quantifi cation 31318.5 DNA Extraction from Highly Processed Matrixes 31718.6 Evaluation of Alternative Chemistries in Real-time PCR 31818.7 Evaluation of Different Machines for GMO Quantifi cation by Real-time PCR 32118.8 Evaluation of Automation Potential in GMO Detection 32418.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 327References 32919 New Multiplexing Tools for Reliable GMO Detection 333M. Pla, A. Nadal, V. Baeten, C. Bahrdt, G. Berben, Y. Bertheau, A. Coll, J.P. van Dijk, D. Dobnik., J.A. Fernandez Pierna, K. Gruden, S. Hamels, A. Holck, A. Holst-Jensen, E. Janssen, E.J. Kok, J.L. La Paz, V. Laval, S. Leimanis, A. Malcevschi, N. Marmiroli, D. Morisset, T.W. Prins, J. Remacle, G. Ujhelyi, D. Wulff19.1 Introduction 33319.2 From Duplex to Oligoplex PCR 33619.3 Non-PCR Methods 35319.4 High Grade Multiplex Approaches 35719.5 Conclusions 361References 36220 Towards Detection of Unknown GMOs 367A. Holst-Jensen, K.G. Berdal, Y. Bertheau, M. Bohanec, J. Bohlin, M. Chaouachi, K. Gruden, S. Hamels, E.J. Kok, A. Krech, A.B. Kristoffersen, V. Laval, S. Leimanis, M. Løvoll, D. Morisset, A. Nemeth, N. Papazova, T.W. Prins, J. Remacle, P. Richl, T. Ruttink, I. Taverniers, T. Tengs, J.P. van Dijk, D. Wulff, J. ?el, H. Zhang, M. ?nidaršiè20.1 Introduction 36720.2 Classifications of GMOs Relevant to Detection 36810.3 Detection of GMOs – A Short Review 37120.4 Detection of Unauthorised GMOs 37820.5 Detection of Unknown GMOs 37920.6 Conclusion 380References 38021 Method Validation and Reference Materials 383G. Bellocchi, Y. Bertheau, M. De Giacomo, A. Holst-Jensen, R. Macarthur, M. Mazzara, R. Onori, I. Taverniers, M. van den Bulcke, S. Trapmann21.1 The Concept of Validation 38321.2 Single Laboratory Validation 38521.3 Collaborative Validation of Methods 38621.4 Innovative Statistical Approaches for Method Validation 38721.5 The Modular Approach 38821.6 The Use of CRMs (Certifi ed Reference Materials) and Possible Alternatives in View of Standardisation and Accreditation 39021.7 Addressing the Compatibility of the Control Plans throughout the Chains 39321.8 Conclusion and Perspectives 397References 398Part 5: Legal Regimes, Liability and Redress Issues 40322 Liability and Redress Options for Damage Caused by GMOs 405B.A. Koch22.1 Introduction 40522.2 Prevention of Future Harm 40622.3 Redress for Damage 40622.4 Outlook 412References 41323 Legal Issues, an Overview on Co-Existence Policies: Technological Pluralism, Confidence Economy, Transnational Supply Chains 415M.-A. Hermitte, S. Anvar, M. Bonin, N. Bargues, G. Canselier, S. Desmoulin, A. Langlais, J.C. Varela23.1 Introduction 41523.2 The Juridical Nature of Co-Existence Policy 41623.3 Keypoints of Supply Chain Structuring 41923.4 Import Supply Chains and GMOs 42423.5 A Liability System Adapted to a Controversial Technology 42823.6 Conclusion 430References 43024 The Judge’s Role Concerning Science in Precautionary Measures: A Shift from Guide to Arbitrator 433C. Noiville24.1 Introduction 43324.2 The Judge: A Guide to Administrative Action 43424.3 Judges as Arbitrators of Scientifi c Assessments? 44724.4 Conclusion 454References 454Part 6: Data Integration and DSS 45925 The Co-Extra Decision Support System: A Model-Based Integration of Project Results 461M. Bohanec, Y. Bertheau, C. Brera, K. Gruden, A. Holst-Jensen, E.J. Kok, B. Lécroart, A. Messéan, M. Miraglia, R. Onori, T.W. Prins, L-G. Soler, M. ?nidaršiè25.1 Introduction 46125.2 Approach and Methodology 46225.3 Components of the Co-Extra DSS 46425.4 Assessment of Analytical Methods 46425.5 Assessment of Sampling Methods 47225.6 Assessment of Products Using Traceability Data 47725.7 Assessment of Processes 48225.8 Database and Web-based Implementation 48525.9 Conclusions 487References 488Part 7: Related Issues 49126 Integration of Co-Extra Results in EU Tools for Traceability 493G. van den Eede, D. Plan26.1 Overview of EU Legislation on GMOs 49326.2 Achievements in the EU Harmonisation of GMO Analysis 49726.3 Challenges Ahead 49926.4 Conclusion 518References 51827 Labelling and Detection of GM Crops and Derived Products: Regulatory Frameworks and Research Issues in East Asia 521D. Zhang1, L. Yang, C.-H. Lee, S-H. Lee, B.-J. Kuo, K. Kitta, M. Tachikawa27.1 Introduction 52127.2 People’s Republic of China 52227.3 Korea 52727.4 Taiwan 53227.5 Japan 53427.6 Conclusion 538References 53928 Maintaining a Supply of Non-GM Feed – A Strategic Issue for European Regional Agriculture 543R. Layadi28.1 Introduction 54328.2 The GMO-free Regions Network 54428.3 The Feed Question: A Major Issue for Regional Agriculture 54428.4 GMO-free Agriculture, a Vital Issue for Regions 54828.5 Getting a Solid Strategic and Tactical Background: Lessons from the Cold War 55028.6 An Essential Question: Who Decides On the Defi nition of A Market? 554References 55529 A Geographical Approach to the European Policy for the Co-Existence of GMO and Non-GMO Crops 563E. Glon29.1 Introduction 56329.2 EU Scenarios for the Co-Existence of GM and Non-GM Crops 56429.3 Dedicated Areas – A Geographical Analysis 57129.4 A Few Lines for Thought with Regard to Co-Existence in Territories 58029.5 Conclusion 585References 58730 Segregating Supply Chains: a Cost–Benefit Perspective 591J.K. Hammitt, W.W. Wilson30.1 Introduction 59130.2 Social Benefits of Co-Existence 59130.3 Consumer Valuation of GMO-free Foods 59330.4 Background on Developments in North American Wheat 59530.5 Costs of Segregating Wheat to Conform to EU Traceability Standards 59530.6 Contract Mechanisms to Facilitate Co-Existence 59630.7 Summary and Implications 60230.8 Conclusion 602References 60331 Co-Existence and Traceability in the EU Versus IP Systems in Third Countries 605R. Rocha dos Santos, N. Pensel, R. Green31.1 Introduction 60531.2 Mercosur and Europe: Different But Complementary 60631.3 The GM Soybeans in Mercosur 60631.4 Food Regulation 60931.5 EU, Mercosur and Traceability 61031.6 Contracts and Private Regulations 61131.7 Third Party Certifi cation Companies, the Key Players 61231.8 The Traders’ Role 61331.9 Final Considerations 614References 615Part 8: Conclusion 61732 GM and Non-GM Supply Chain Co-Existence and Traceability: Context and Perspectives 619Y. Bertheau32.1 Introduction 61932.2 Background 61932.3 Co-Existence 62432.4 Traceability 62832.5 Conclusion 629References 630Index 643A colour plate section falls between pages 314 and 315

“This valuable guideline examines the practical tools and methods available to implement the co-existence and traceability of GM and non-GM food materials along the entire food chains, as demanded by consumers and by legislation in force in the EU and elsewhere.” (Advances in Food Sciences, 1 October 2013)". . . if co-existence and traceability are your interests, this is a book you need to have on your shelves." (GM Crops and Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain, March 2013)