Gears and Gear Drives

Inbunden, Engelska, 2012

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Understanding how gears are formed and how they interact or ‘mesh’ with each other is essential when designing equipment that uses gears or gear trains. The way in which gear teeth are formed and how they mesh is determined by their geometry and kinematics, which is the topic of this book. Gears and Gear Drives provides the reader with comprehensive coverage of gears and gear drives. Spur, helical, bevel, worm and planetary gears are all covered, with consideration given to their classification, geometry, kinematics, accuracy control, load capacity and manufacturing. Cylindrical gear geometry is the basis for dealing with any gear drives, so this is covered in detail. Key features: Contains hundreds of 2D and 3D figures to illustrate all types of gears and gear drives, including planetary and worm gearsIncludes fundamental derivations and explanations of formulaeEnables the reader to know how to carry out accuracy control and load capacity checks for any gear driveIncludes directions for the practical design of gears and gear drivesCovers DIN and ISO standards in the area Gears and Gear Drives is a comprehensive reference for gears and gear drive professionals and graduate students in mechanical engineering departments and covers everything important to know how to design, control and manufacture gear drives.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2012-09-28
Mått173 x 252 x 25 mm
Vikt853 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor464
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119941309

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Damir Jelaska, University of Split, CroatiaDamir Jelaska is currently a professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture at University of Split, Croatia. His research interests are in Operational Strength, Mechanical Engineering Design, Integrity of Structures and Components, Fracture Mechanics, and the Reliability and Integrity of Gears. He has written over 50 published journal papers.

Preface xvAcknowledgments xvii1 Introduction 11.1 Power Transmissions and Mechanical Drives 11.2 Classification of Mechanical Drives 31.3 Choosing a Mechanical Drive 71.4 Multi-Step Drives 91.5 Features and Classification of Gear Drives 121.5.1 Features of Gear Drives 121.5.2 Classification of Gear Drives 121.6 List of Symbols 161.6.1 Subscripts to Symbols 162 Geometry of Cylindrical Gears 172.1 Fundamentals of the Theory of Toothing 172.1.1 Centrodes, Roulettes and Axodes 172.1.2 Envelopes, Evolutes and Involutes 182.1.3 Cycloid and Involute of a Circle 182.1.3.1 Cycloid 182.1.3.2 Involute of Circle 202.1.4 Main Rule of Toothing 212.1.4.1 Analytical Determining of Mated Profiles 252.1.4.2 Radii of Curvature of Mated Profiles 272.2 Geometry of Pairs of Spur Gears 292.2.1 Cycloid Toothing 292.2.2 Involute Toothing 302.3 Involute Teeth and Involute Gears 332.4 Basic Tooth Rack 352.5 Fundamentals of Cylindrical Gears Manufacture 382.5.1 Generating Methods 382.5.2 Forming Methods 432.5.3 Gear Finishing 452.5.4 Basic Rack-Type and Pinion-Type Cutters 482.6 Cutting Process and Geometry of Gears Cut with Rack-Type Cutter 492.6.1 Profile Shift 492.6.2 Meshing of Rack Cutter with Work Piece, Basic Dimensions of Gear 502.6.3 Tooth Thickness at Arbitrary Circle 512.6.4 Tip Circle Diameter 522.6.5 Profile Boundary Point; Tooth Root Undercutting 532.6.6 Effect of Profile Shift on Tooth Geometry 552.6.7 Gear Control Measures 562.6.7.1 Chordal Tooth Thickness on the Arbitrary Circle 562.6.7.2 Constant Chord Tooth Thickness 572.6.7.3 Span Measurement 582.6.7.4 Dimension Over Balls 602.7 Parameters of a Gear Pair 622.7.1 Working Pressure Angle of a Gear Pair 622.7.2 Centre Distance 632.7.3 Gear Pairs With and Without Profile Shift 642.7.3.1 Gear Pairs Without Profile Shift 642.7.3.2 Gear Pairs with Profile Shift 642.7.4 Contact Ratio 662.7.5 Distinctive Points of Tooth Profile 702.7.6 Kinematic Parameters of Toothing 712.8 Basic Parameters of Gears Generated by the Fellows Method 742.8.1 Pinion-Type Cutter 742.8.2 Dimensions of Gears Cut by Pinion-Type Cutter 752.8.3 Undercutting the Tooth Root 762.8.4 Geometry of Internal Gear Toothing 772.9 Interferences in Generating Processes and Involute Gear Meshing 782.9.1 Interferences in Tooth Cutting 782.9.1.1 Tooth Root Undercutting 782.9.1.2 Overcutting the Tooth Addendum (First Order Interference) 792.9.1.3 Overcutting the Tooth Tip Corner (Second Order Interference) 802.9.1.4 Radial Interference (Third Order Interference) 802.9.1.5 Null Fillet 822.9.2 Interferences in Meshing the Gear Pair Teeth 832.9.2.1 Gear Root Interference 832.9.2.2 Interferences of Tooth Addendum 842.9.2.3 Radial Interference 842.10 Choosing Profile Shift Coefficients 842.10.1 Choosing Profile Shift Coefficients by Means of Block-Contour Diagrams 852.10.2 Choosing Profile Shift Coefficients by Means of Lines of Gear Pairs 882.11 Helical Gears 912.11.1 Basic Considerations 912.11.2 Helical Gear Dimensions and Parameters of a Gear Pair 972.11.3 Control Measures 1002.11.4 Helical Gear Overlaps 1022.11.4.1 Length of Contact Lines 1042.12 Tooth Flank Modifications 1062.12.1 Transverse Profile Modifications 1072.12.1.1 Pre-Finish Flank Undercut 1072.12.1.2 Tip Corner Chamfering and Tip Corner Rounding 1072.12.1.3 Tooth Tip Relief 1082.12.1.4 Tooth Root Relief 1132.12.1.5 Tooth Tip Relief of the Gear Generated by Pinion-Type Cutter 1142.12.1.6 Profile Crowning 1172.12.2 Flank Line Modifications 1172.12.2.1 Flank Line end Reliefs 1172.12.2.2 Flank Line Slope Modification 1172.12.2.3 Flank Line Crowning 1182.12.3 Flank Twist 1192.13 Geometry of Fillet Curve 1192.13.1 Fillet Curve Equation 1202.13.2 Fillet Curve Radius of Curvature 1242.13.3 Geometry of Undercut Teeth 1252.13.3.1 Profile Boundary Point 1252.13.3.2 Contact Ratio of Gears with Undercut Teeth 1262.14 Tolerances of Pairs of Cylindrical Gears 1272.14.1 Control and Tolerances of Gear Body 1282.14.2 Control and Tolerances of Teeth 1282.14.2.1 Tooth Profile Control 1302.14.2.2 Helix Deviations 1342.14.2.3 Pitch Deviations 1352.14.2.4 Radial Runout of Teeth 1362.14.2.5 Tangential Composite Deviation 1362.14.2.6 Tooth Thickness Tolerances 1382.14.2.7 CNC Gear Measuring Centre 1432.14.3 Control of Gear Pair Measuring Values 1452.14.3.1 Systems of Gear Fits, Centre Distance Tolerances, Backlash 1452.14.3.2 Contact Pattern Control 1492.15 Gear Detail Drawing 1512.16 List of Symbols 1532.16.1 Subscripts to symbols 1542.16.2 Combined Symbols 1553 Integrity of Gears 1573.1 Gear Loadings 1573.1.1 Forces Acting on the Gear Tooth 1573.1.2 Incremental Gear Loadings 1593.2 Causes of Gear Damage 1643.2.1 Gear Breakages 1643.2.2 Active Tooth Flank Damage 1663.3 Pitting Load Capacity 1703.3.1 Contact Stresses 1703.3.1.1 Nominal Value of Contact Stress 1703.3.1.2 Real Value of Contact Stress 1753.3.2 Allowable Contact Stresses 1813.3.3 Dimensioning for Contact Stress 1893.3.4 List of Symbols for Sections 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 1903.3.4.1 Subscripts to Symbols 1913.3.4.2 Combined Symbols 1923.4 Tooth Root Load Capacity 1933.4.1 Tooth Root Stress 1933.4.2 Tooth Root Permitted Stress 2003.4.3 Dimensioning for Tooth Root Stress 2073.5 Gear Load Capacity at Variable Loading 2083.6 List of Symbols for Sections 3.4 and 3.5 2103.6.1 Subscripts to Symbols 2113.6.2 Combined Symbols 2123.7 Scuffing Load Capacity 2133.7.1 Safety Factor Against Scuffing for Flash Temperature Method 2133.7.2 Force Distribution Factor XG 2173.7.3 Safety Factor Against Scuffing for Integral Temperature Method 2253.8 Micro-Pitting Load Capacity 2293.8.1 Elastohydrodynamic Lubricant Film Thickness 2293.8.1.1 Calculation of Material Parameter GM 2303.8.1.2 Calculation Speed Parameter UY 2313.8.1.3 Load Parameter WY 2323.8.1.4 Sliding Parameter SGF 2323.8.2 Safety Factor Against Micro-pitting 2323.9 List of Symbols for Sections 3.6 and 3.7 2363.9.1 Subscripts to Symbols 2373.9.2 Combined Symbols 2384 Elements of Cylindrical Gear Drive Design 2414.1 Design Process 2414.1.1 Design Procedure for a Gear Pair 2414.1.2 Distribution of Gear Train Transmission Ratio 2434.1.3 Gear Materials and Heat Treatment 2444.1.3.1 Metallic Materials and their Heat Treatment 2444.1.3.2 Sintered Materials 2484.1.3.3 Polymer Materials 2484.1.4 Gear Drive Design 2494.1.4.1 Design of Housing 2514.1.4.2 Vents 2554.1.4.3 Lubricant Drain 2554.1.4.4 Design of Bearing Locations 2574.1.4.5 Design of Ribs 2574.1.5 Design of Gears 2584.2 Gear Drive Lubrication 2624.2.1 Selection of Lubricant 2624.2.2 Ways of Gear Lubrication 2634.2.2.1 Bath Lubrication 2634.2.2.2 Spray Lubrication 2654.3 Power Losses and Temperature of Lubricant 2664.3.1 Power Losses in Mesh 2664.3.1.1 Power Losses in Mesh, Under Load, for a Single Gear Pair 2664.3.1.2 Power Losses in Idle Motion 2674.3.2 Power Losses in Bearings 2684.3.2.1 Rolling Bearings 2684.3.2.2 Sliding Bearings 2694.3.3 Power Losses in Seals 2704.3.4 Power Efficiency of Gear Drive 2704.3.5 Temperature of Lubricant 2714.4 List of Symbols 2754.4.1 Subscripts to Symbols 2764.4.2 Combined Symbols 2765 Bevel Gears 2795.1 Geometry and Manufacture of Bevel Gears 2795.1.1 Theory of Bevel Gear Genesis 2795.1.2 Types and Features of Bevel Gears 2805.1.3 Application of Bevel Gears 2835.1.4 Geometry of Bevel Gears 2845.1.4.1 Fundamentals of Geometry and Manufacture 2845.1.4.2 Virtual Toothing and Virtual Gears 2875.1.4.3 Basic Parameters of Straight Bevels 2895.1.4.4 Design of Bevel Teeth 2915.1.4.5 Undercut, Profile Shift 2915.1.4.6 Sliding of Bevels 2925.1.4.7 Contact Ratio of Straight Bevels 2935.1.5 Geometry of Helical and Spiral Bevels 2935.1.6 Manufacturing Methods for Bevel Gears 2945.1.6.1 Straight Bevels Working 2945.1.6.2 Spiral and Helical Bevel Working 3015.2 Load Capacity of Bevels 3065.2.1 Forces in Mesh 3065.2.2 Pitting Load Capacity 3075.2.3 Tooth Root Load Capacity 3105.2.3.1 Scuffing and Micro-Pitting Load Capacities 3115.3 Elements of Bevel Design 3115.4 Control and Tolerances of Bevel Gears 3165.4.1 Pitch Control 3165.4.2 Radial Runout Control of Toothing 3185.4.3 Tangential Composite Deviation 3195.4.4 Tooth Thickness Control 3195.4.5 Bevel Gear Drawing 3215.5 Crossed Gear Drives 3215.5.1 Basic Geometry 3235.5.2 Speed of Sliding 3245.5.3 Loads and Load Capacity 3255.5.3.1 Forces Acting on Crossed Gears 3255.5.3.2 Efficiency Grade 3255.5.3.3 Load Capacity of Crossed Gear Pair 3265.6 List of Symbols 3275.6.1 Subscripts to Symbols 3285.6.2 Combined Symbols 3286 Planetary Gear Trains 3316.1 Introduction 3316.1.1 Fundamentals of Planetary Gear Trains 3316.1.2 Rotational Speeds and Transmission Ratio 3346.1.3 Features of Planetary Gear Trains 3416.1.4 Mating Conditions 3426.1.4.1 Condition of Coaxiality 3426.1.4.2 Condition of Neighbouring 3426.1.4.3 Assembly Condition 3436.1.5 Diagrams of Peripheral and Rotational Speeds 3446.1.6 Wolf Symbolic 3476.1.7 Forces, Torques and Power of Planetary Gear Trains 3476.1.7.1 Peripheral Forces and Torques 3476.1.7.2 Power and Efficiency 3496.1.7.3 Branching of Power 3526.1.7.4 Self-Locking 3536.2 Special Layouts of Simple Planetary Gear Trains 3566.2.1 Bevel Differential Trains 3566.2.2 Planetary Gear Trains with Single Gear Pair 3586.2.3 Harmonic Drive 3596.2.4 Differential Planetary Gear Trains 3616.2.5 Planetary Gear Train of a Wankel Engine 3626.3 Composed Planetary Gear Trains 3646.3.1 Compound Planetary Gear Trains 3646.3.2 Parallel Composed Planetary Gear Trains 3646.3.3 Coupled Planetary Gear Trains 3646.3.4 Closed Planetary Gear Trains 3666.3.5 Reduced Coupled Planetary Gear Trains 3686.3.6 Reverse Reducers 3736.3.7 Planetary Gear Boxes 3746.4 Elements of Planetary Gear Train Design 3776.4.1 Issues of Planetary Gear Train Design 3776.4.2 Calculations for Central Gears and Planets 3826.5 List of Symbols 3846.5.1 Subscripts to Symbols 3856.5.2 Combined Symbols 3867 Worm Gear Drives 3877.1 Concept, Features, Classification 3877.2 Geometry and Working of Worm Gear Pair 3897.2.1 Geometry and Working of Worm 3897.2.1.1 Dimensions of Worm 3907.2.1.2 Worm Sections 3907.2.1.3 Worm Working and Shape of Flanks 3927.2.2 Geometry and Working of Wormwheels 3927.2.2.1 Wormwheel Geometry 3947.2.2.2 Wormwheel Working 3977.2.3 Calculation Values of Worm Gear Pair 3997.2.3.1 Centre Distance of Worm Gear Pair 3997.2.3.2 Transmission Ratio and Gear Ratio 3997.2.3.3 Tip Clearance of Worm Gear Pair 3997.2.3.4 Contact Ratio of Worm Gear Pair 3997.2.3.5 Worm Gear Pair Speeds 4007.3 Control Measures and Tolerances of Worm Gear Pair 4007.3.1 Control of Worm Measuring Values 4017.3.1.1 Pitch Control 4017.3.1.2 Thread Profile Control 4017.3.1.3 Radial Runout Control 4027.3.2 Control of Wormwheel Measuring Values 4027.3.2.1 Pitch Control 4027.3.2.2 Tooth Profile Control 4027.3.2.3 Radial Run-Out Control 4027.3.2.4 Tooth Thickness Control 4037.3.2.5 Composite Deviation Control 4037.3.3 Measuring Values Control of Worm Gear Pair 4037.3.3.1 Centre Distance Control 4037.3.3.2 Backlash Control 4047.4 Forces, Power Losses and Efficiency of Worm Gear Drives 4047.4.1 Forces Acting on Worm Gear Pair 4047.4.2 Power Losses and Efficiency of Worm Gear Pair 4067.5 Load Capacity of Worm Gear Pair 4097.5.1 Wear Load Capacity 4097.5.1.1 Calculation of Expected Wear 4107.5.1.2 Permitted Wear 4137.5.2 Pitting Load Capacity 4147.5.3 Heating Load Capacity 4157.5.3.1 Heating Load Capacity at Bath Lubrication 4167.5.3.2 Heating Load Capacity at Spray Lubrication 4167.5.4 Wormwheel Bulk Temperature 4177.5.4.1 Wormwheel Bulk Temperature in Bath Lubrication 4177.5.4.2 Wormwheel Bulk Temperature in Spray Lubrication 4177.5.5 Wormwheel Tooth Root Load Capacity 4187.5.5.1 Shear Stress in Wormwheel Tooth Root 4187.5.5.2 Shear Fatigue Limit of Wormwheel Tooth 4197.5.6 Load Capacity for Worm Shaft Deflection 4207.6 Elements of Worm Gear Drive Design 4217.6.1 Design Procedure 4217.6.1.1 Previous Choices 4217.6.1.2 Dimensioning the Worm Gear Pair 4227.6.2 Design Details of Worm Gear Drive 4247.7 List of Symbols 4277.7.1 Subscripts to Symbols 4287.7.2 Combined Symbols 429Further Reading 433Index 437