Sociology professor Kelly provides a well-reasoned, if familiar, critique of the American criminal justice system, along with thoughtful prescriptions for revolutionary reform. Despite the trillions the U.S. has spent over the last four decades on criminal justice and the war on drugs, crime has not been significantly reduced. For Kelly, that failure is inextricably linked with the system’s focus on punishment, which often includes incarceration, as a response to criminal behavior. Such policies ignore many reasons for criminality, including substance abuse, mental illness, and poor education, and Kelly is persuasive in describing how 'behavior change interventions... can reduce crime, recidivism, victimization, and cost.' His balanced approach, which includes an understanding of the historical and societal forces that led to the Nixon-era War on Crime and its successor.