Fungi

About the EditorKEVIN KAVANAGH is Professor of Microbiology in the Department of Biology at Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xi1 Introduction to Fungal Physiology 1Graeme M. Walker and Nia A. White1.1 Introduction 11.2 Morphology of Yeasts and Fungi 21.3 Ultrastructure and Function of Fungal Cells 51.4 Fungal Nutrition and Cellular Biosyntheses 111.5 Fungal Metabolism 221.6 Fungal Growth and Reproduction 261.7 Conclusion 34Further Reading 342 Fungal Genetics 37Malcolm Whiteway and Catherine Bachewich2.1 Introduction 372.2 Fungal Lifecycles 392.3 Sexual Analysis: Regulation of Mating 462.4 Unique Characteristics of Filamentous Fungi that are Advantageous for Genetic Analysis 512.5 Genetics as a Tool 522.6 Conclusion 64Acknowledgment 65Further Reading 653 Fungal Genomics 67David Fitzpatrick3.1 Introduction 673.2 Genome Sequencing 703.3 Bioinformatics Tools 753.4 Comparative Genomics 803.5 Genomics and the Fungal Tree of Life 843.6 Online Fungal Genomic Resources 863.7 Conclusion 88Further Reading 884 Fungal Genetics: A Post‐Genomic Perspective 91Brendan Curran and Virginia Bugeja4.1 Introduction 914.2 The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Cornerstone of Post‐Genomic Research 914.3 Of ‐omics and Systems Biology 924.4 Genomics 924.5 Transcriptomics and Proteomics 1024.6 Systems Biology 1154.7 Conclusion 117Further Reading 1175 Fungal Proteomics 119Sean Doyle and Rebecca A. Owens5.1 Introduction 1195.2 Protein Isolation and Purification 1215.3 Electrophoretic Techniques 1265.4 Protein Mass Spectrometry 1295.5 Fungal Proteomics 1385.6 Label‐Free Quantitative Proteomic Applications 1435.7 Specialized Proteomics Applications in Fungal Research 1445.8 Conclusion 145Acknowledgments 145Further Reading 1456 Fungi as Food 147Johan Baars6.1 Introduction 1476.2 The Main Cultivated Mushroom Species 1496.3 The Main Species of Mushroom Collected in Nature 1556.4 Nutritional Value of Mushrooms 1596.5 Potential Medicinal Properties of Mushrooms 1656.6 Conclusion 166Further Reading 167Useful Websites 1687 Pharmaceutical and Chemical Commodities from Fungi 169Karina A. Horgan and Richard A. Murphy7.1 Introduction 1697.2 Fungal Metabolism 1697.3 Antibiotic Production 1727.4 Pharmacologically Active Compounds 1787.5 Chemical Commodities 1847.6 Yeast Extracts 1947.7 Enriched Yeast 1967.8 Conclusion 198Further Reading 1988 Biotechnological Use of Fungal Enzymes 201Shauna M. McKelvey and Richard A. Murphy8.1 Introduction 2018.2 Enzymes in Industry 2028.3 Current Enzyme Applications 2028.4 Enzymes and Sustainability 2088.5 Future Direction of Industrial Enzymes 2088.6 Applications of Specific Fungal Enzymes 2088.7 Enzyme Production Strategies 2238.8 Conclusion 224Further Reading 2259 Biotechnological Exploitation of Heterologous Protein Production in Fungi 227Brendan Curran and Virginia Bugeja9.1 Introduction 2279.2 Heterologous Protein Expression in Fungi 2289.3 Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Heterologous Protein Production 2329.4 Use of Pichia pastoris for Heterologous Protein Production 2389.5 Case Study: Hepatitis B Vaccine – A Billion‐Dollar Heterologous Protein from Yeast 2409.6 Further Biotechnological Applications of Expression Technology 2449.7 Conclusion 248Further Reading 24910 Fungal Infections of Humans 251Derek J. Sullivan, Gary P. Moran, and David C. Coleman10.1 Introduction 25110.2 Superficial Mycoses 25210.3 Opportunistic Mycoses 25410.4 Endemic Systemic Mycoses 26810.5 Mycotoxicoses 27010.6 Conclusion 271Further Reading 272Useful Websites 27311 Immunity to Human Fungal Infections 275Mawieh Hamad, Mohammad G. Mohammad, and Khaled H. Abu‐Elteen11.1 Introduction 27511.2 Compromised Immunity Increases Host Susceptibility to Fungal Infections 27611.3 Shaping of the Antifungal Immune Response 27711.4 Paradigm Shifts in Antifungal Immunity 28111.5 Anatomy of the Antifungal Immune Response 28311.6 The Role of DCs in Antifungal Immunity 28811.7 Adaptive Immunity to Fungal Infections 29011.8 Immunity to Dermatophytes 29511.9 Evasion of Host Immunity by Fungal Pathogens 29711.10 Conclusion 297Further Reading 29812 Antifungal Agents for Use in Human Therapy 299Khaled H. Abu‐Elteen and Mawieh Hamad12.1 Introduction 29912.2 Drugs Targeting the Plasma Membrane 30312.3 Drugs Targeting the Cell Wall 31912.4 Drugs Targeting Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis 32312.5 Novel Therapies 32712.6 Conclusion 331Further Reading 33113 Fungi in the Environment 333Richard O’Hanlon13.1 Introduction 33313.2 Macrofungi, Mushrooms, and Sporocarps 33413.3 Symbiotic Fungi 33613.4 Saprobic Fungi 33913.5 Parasitic Fungi 34113.6 Fungi in Food Webs 34213.7 Fungi and Nutrient Cycling 34413.8 Quantifying Fungi in the Environment 34613.9 Conclusion 352Further Reading 35314 Fungal Pathogens of Plants 355Fiona Doohan and Binbin Zhou14.1 Introduction 35514.2 Disease Symptoms 35614.3 Factors Influencing Disease Development 35614.4 The Disease Cycle 36114.5 Genetics of the Plant–Fungal Pathogen Interaction 36314.6 Mechanisms of Fungal Plant Parasitism 36314.7 Mechanisms of Host Defense 36714.8 Disease Control 36914.9 Disease Detection and Diagnosis 37314.10 Vascular Wilt Diseases 37414.11 Blights 37814.12 Rots and Damping‐Off Diseases 38014.13 Leaf and Stem Spots, Anthracnose, and Scabs 38214.14 Rusts, Smuts, and Powdery Mildew Diseases 38314.15 Global Repercussions of Fungal Diseases of Plants 38414.16 Conclusion 385Acknowledgments 386Further Reading 386Index 389