Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology of Speech, Language, and Hearing

Glen M. Tellis, PhD, CCC-SLP, F-ASHA, a Board-Certified Fluency Specialist, is a professor and chair of the Speech-Language Pathology Department at Misericordia University in Dallas, Pennsylvania. He completed his doctorate at The Pennsylvania State University in 1999 and has over 24 years of experience, including teaching anatomy and physiology courses. His research interests encompass fluency disorders, dysphagia, multicultural issues, research designs, treatment efficacy research, advanced digital technology, and clinical outcomes. Dr. Tellis frequently presents nationally and internationally on near infrared spectroscopy and hemoglobin concentration in the brain. He has published extensively and is a best-selling author of numerous textbooks. Dr. Tellis has continuously received externally funded grants for his research. A few of his professional achievements include serving as the past president of the Pennsylvania Speech-Language-Hearing Association, chairing ASHA's Academic Affairs Board, receiving the Honors of the Pennsylvania Speech-Language-Hearing Association, and becoming an ASHA Fellow. **** M. Hunter Manasco, PhD, CCC-SLP, is a professor in the Department of Speech-Language Pathology at Mississippi University for Women in Columbus, Mississippi. He completed his doctorate at the University of South Alabama in 2008. Dr. Manasco has worked as a speech-language pathologist in various professional clinical environments with a wide range of clinical populations from newborn to hospice care. He has over 15 years of experience teaching, including teaching anatomy and physiology courses. Dr. Manasco specializes in diagnosis and therapy for neurogenic communication and swallowing disorders. He has published and presented books and many papers within his areas of specialty.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1. IntroductionKey TermsBiologyAnatomyPhysiologyAnatomical NomenclatureAnatomical OrientationAnatomical TermsBody Systems That Support Speech, Language, and HearingCellTissuesJoints or ArticulationsOrgansSystemsCranial NervesOlfactoryOpticOculomotorTrochlearTrigeminalAbducensFacialVestibulocochlearGlossopharyngealVagusAccessoryHypoglossalChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 2. Anatomy of RespirationIntroduction to RespirationThe Skeletal Framework for RespirationThe Bony ThoraxThe Visceral ThoraxRespiratory Passages LungsRespiratory Tissue and Gas ExchangeMuscles of RespirationPatterns of Muscular Use in RespirationCategorization of Muscles of RespirationPrimary Muscle of InspirationAccessory Muscles of InspirationMuscles of ExpirationChapter SummaryReferenceChapter 3. Physiology of RespirationIntroduction to Physiology of RespirationForces of RespirationActive Force of RespirationPassive Forces of RespirationPressures Involved in RespirationPhysics of Respiration/BreathingUnderstanding the Mechanical Cycle of RespirationQuiet Respiration: Quiet Inspiration/Passive ExpirationForced Respiration: Forced Inspiration/Forced ExpirationLung Volumes and CapacitiesChanges in Respiration With Advanced AgeMeasurement of Respiration and InstrumentationMeasuring RateMeasuring PressureMeasuring Lung Volumes and Respiratory CapacitiesProcess of Gas ExchangeChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 4. Anatomy of PhonationIntroductionLarynxCartilages of the LarynxMembranes and LigamentsMuscles of the LarynxChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 5. Physiology of PhonationNonspeech (Biological) FunctionsBreathingAbdominal and Thoracic FixationProtection During the Swallow ReflexThroat Clearing and CoughingPhonationCoordinative Structures of VoiceTheories of Phonation Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory Body-Cover TheoryNonlinear Source-Filter Coupling TheoryParameters of VoiceElasticity, Stiffness, and InertiaAcoustic ParametersAmplitude and IntensityAerodynamic ParametersVariations in Vocal Fold Closure Patterns, Mucosal Wave, and Periodicity of VibrationVocal Fold ClosureMovement of the Mucosal WaveRegularity and Periodicity of VibrationVocal RegisterSustained Phonation and AttackLinguistic Aspects of PhonationChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 6. Anatomy of Articulation, Swallowing, and ResonanceIntroductionBones of the FaceMandibleMaxillaeAnatomy of the Hard PalateZygomatic BonesNasal BonesPalatine BonesInferior Nasal ConchaeVomerLacrimal BoneBones of the SkullEthmoidFrontal BoneParietal BonesTemporal BonesOccipital BoneSphenoidMuscles of the FaceOrbicularis OrisTransverse MusclesElevatorsDepressorsParallel Muscles: Incisivus Labii Superior and the Incisivus Labii InferiorSupplementary Muscles of Facial ExpressionCavities of the Vocal TractThe Oral CavityBuccal CavityNasal CavityPharynxMuscles of the TongueIntrinsic Muscles of the TongueExtrinsic Muscle of the TongueMuscles of MasticationMasseter (Figure 6–58, Figure 6–59)Temporalis (Figure 6–58, Figure 6–60)Medial Pterygoid (Figure 6–61)Lateral Pterygoid (Figure 6–62)Digastricus (Figure 6–58, Figure 6–63)Mylohyoid (Figure 6–58, Figure 6–64)Geniohyoid (Figure 6–53, Figure 6–58)Platysma (Figure 6–34)Muscles of the VelumElevators of the VelumDepressors of the VelumMuscles of the PharynxPharyngeal ConstrictorsLongitudinal Muscles of the PharynxChapter Summary ReferencesChapter 7. Physiology of Articulation and ResonanceIntroduction to Articulation and ResonancePhysiology of Articulation and ResonanceRole of the Lips in ArticulationRole of the Tongue in ArticulationRole of the Muscles of the Tongue in ArticulationRole of the Tongue in Consonant ProductionRole of the Tongue in Vowel ProductionRole of the Teeth in ArticulationRole of the Mandible in ArticulationRole of Cheeks in Articulation and ResonanceRole of Velum in Articulation and ResonanceRole of the Pharynx in ArticulationChapter Summary ReferencesChapter 8. Physiology of SwallowingIntroduction to SwallowingProcess of Mastication and DeglutitionOral Preparatory Stage DescribedOral Stage DescribedPharyngeal Stage DescribedEsophageal Stage DescribedInstrumentationVideofluoroscopic Swallow Study/Modified Barium SwallowFiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallow High Resolution ManometryChanges With AgeChildhood DevelopmentChanges With Normal AgingCoordination of Respiration and DeglutitionChapter Summary ReferencesChapter 9. Anatomy of HearingStructures of the Auditory MechanismOuter EarAuricleExternal Auditory MeatusTympanic MembraneMiddle EarOssiclesMuscles of the Middle EarLandmarks of the Middle Ear CavityInner EarAuditory System: Cochlea and Related StructuresVestibular SystemVestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)Changes With Age (Presbycusis)Chapter Summary ReferencesChapter 10. Physiology of Hearing and BalanceProperties of SoundPhysiology of the Outer EarPinna and External Auditory MeatusPhysiology of the Middle EarMovement of the Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular ChainEustachian TubePhysiology of the Inner EarStimulation of the CochleaTransductionAuditory Central Nervous SystemAfferent PathwayEfferent PathwaysAuditory Cortex: Auditory Processing and Speech PerceptionVestibular SystemInstrumentationOtoscopyPure Tone AudiometrySpeech Reception ThresholdTympanometryAcoustic Reflex TestingOtoacoustic EmissionsAuditory Brainstem ResponseElectrocochleographyTypes of Hearing LossConductive Hearing LossSensorineural Hearing LossMixed Hearing LossChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 11. Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology: Part 1Cells of the Nervous SystemNeuronsNeurogliaThe Central Nervous SystemThe BrainChapter SummaryReferencesChapter 12. Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology: Part 2The Lobes of the Cerebral HemispheresFrontal LobesParietal LobesTemporal LobesThe Occipital LobesSubcortical StructuresThe BrainstemThe CerebellumThe ThalamusThe Basal GangliaThe Limbic SystemThe Spinal CordBlood Supply to the BrainThe Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Spinal NervesChapter SummaryReferencesGlossaryIndex