Frontiers of Textile Materials

Mohd Shabbir obtained his PhD in the field of natural dyes application on textiles from Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India in 2017. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Sanskriti University, Mathura, India where his main research focus is in natural dyes, nanomaterials for textiles, smart textiles, textiles chemistry and bio-synthesis of functional compounds for textiles. Shakeel Ahmed is an Assistant Professor in Chemistry at the Higher Education Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanocomposites from Jamia Millia Islamia in 2016 and has published several research publications in the area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors, and water treatment. He has 15 books to his credit by international publishers. His work has been cited more than 2000 times and with h-index of 16. Javed Sheikh is an Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Textile and Fibre Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. His research group is mainly working on the interface of materials science and textile technology which includes functional textiles, sustainable textile chemical processing, natural dyeing and biopolymers for textile processing. He has co-authored more than 50 research papers in highly reputed journals and presented more than 30 research presentations and invited talks in various national and international conferences.

• Preface xv1 Introduction to Textiles and Finishing Materials 1Mohd Shabbir and Javed N. Sheikh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Polymers 21.3 Nanomaterials 31.4 Enzymes 41.5 Plasma and Radiations for Textiles 61.6 Flexible Electronics 7References 82 Polymers for Textile Production 13Mohammad Tajul Islam, Md. Mostafizur Rahman and Nur-Us-Shafa Mazumder2.1 Polymers 132.2 History of Polymer 152.3 Classification of Polymers 162.4 Polymerization 192.4.1 Chain Polymerization 192.4.2 Step Polymerization 212.5 Polymers in Textile Fibers 232.5.1 Natural Polymers 242.5.1.1 Cellulose 242.5.1.2 Cotton 252.5.1.3 Jute 262.5.1.4 Keratin 262.5.1.5 Wool 272.5.1.6 Fibroin 282.5.1.7 Silk 282.5.2 Synthetic Polymers 292.5.2.1 Polyethylene 292.5.2.2 Polypropylene 332.5.2.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene 362.5.2.4 Poly Vinyl Chloride 382.5.2.5 Poly Vinylidene Chloride 402.5.2.6 Polyamide 412.5.2.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate 472.5.2.8 Polyacrylonitrile 502.5.2.9 Modacrylic Fiber 522.5.2.10 Spandex Fiber 522.6 Polymers in Textile Processing 542.6.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol 542.6.2 Starch 562.6.3 Sodium Alginate 562.7 Conclusion 57References 573 Advances in Polymer Coating for Functional Finishing of Textiles 61Asma Bouasria, Ayoub Nadi, Aicha Boukhriss, Hassan Hannache, Omar Cherkaoui and Said Gmouh3.1 Introduction 623.2 Polymer Coating Methods 633.2.1 Dip Coating 633.2.2 Transfer Coating 643.2.3 Kiss Roll Coating 643.2.4 Gravure Roll Coating 643.2.5 Slot Die or Extrusion Coating 653.2.6 Powder Coating 653.2.7 Knife Coating 663.2.7.1 Choice of the Thickness 673.2.7.2 The Viscosity 673.2.7.3 Drying 673.2.7.4 Type of Knife 683.2.7.5 Knife Use Technologies 693.2.7.6 Type of Knife Coating 703.3 New Technologies in Polymer Coatings 713.3.1 Plasma Treatment Technology 713.3.2 Electrofluidodynamic Treatment Technology 723.3.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Based Method Technology 733.4 Coating Materials 733.4.1 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 743.4.2 Polyacrylics (PA) 743.4.3 Polyurethane (PU) 753.5 New Functionalities of Polymer Coatings 773.5.1 Application in Smart Textile 773.5.2 Flame Retardant 773.5.3 Water Repellence 793.5.4 Antibacterial Function 813.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 82References 824 Functional Finishing of Textiles with β-Cyclodextrin 87Aminoddin Haji4.1 Introduction 874.2 Properties of Cyclodextrins 894.3 Chemical Modification of Cyclodextrins 914.4 Methods for Attachment of β-CD on Textiles 914.5 Functional Properties Obtained by Attachment of β-CD on Textiles 1004.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity and Drug Delivery 1004.5.2 Fragrance Release and Anti-Odor Finishing 1014.5.3 Improved Dyeing and Printing 1054.5.4 Wastewater Treatment 1054.5.5 Flame Retardant Finishing 1054.6 Conclusion 109References 1095 Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Textile Industry 117Rizwan Arif , Sapana Jadoun and Anurakshee Verma5.1 Introduction 1185.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 1195.2.1 Preparation of Chitosan Nano-Fibers 1195.2.2 Preparation of Polyethylene Glycol Capped Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 1205.2.3 Preparation of Silk Textile Nano-Composite Materials of TiO2 Nanoparticles 1225.3 Synthesis of Nano-Fiber-Based Hydrogels (NFHGs) 1225.3.1 Electrospinning 1235.3.2 Weaving 1235.3.3 Freeze Drying 1245.3.4 3D Printing 1245.4 Application of Nano Textiles 1245.5 Conclusion 130References 1316 Modification of Textiles via Nanomaterials and Their Applications 135Sapana Jadoun, Anurakshee Verma and Rizwan Arif6.1 Introduction 1366.2 Nanotextiles and Its Properties 1376.3 Modification of Textiles via Nanoparticles 1386.3.1 Modification via Silver Nanoparticle 1396.3.2 Modification via Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle 1436.3.3 Modification via Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle 1446.3.4 Modification via Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles 1446.3.5 Modification via Polymer Nanoparticles 1466.4 Applications 1466.5 Conclusion 147References 1487 UV Protection via Nanomaterials 153Kunal Singha, Subhankar Maity and Pintu Pandit7.1 Introduction 1547.1.1 Different Types of Nano-Finishing on Textile Materials 1547.1.1.1 UV Protection 1547.1.1.2 Nano-Silver (Ag) (Antimicrobial Activity) 1557.1.1.3 Water Repellence Finishing 1557.1.1.4 Self-Cleaning or “Lotus Effect” 1557.1.1.5 New-Age Nano-Finishing on Textile Materials Nano-Care 1567.2 Zinc Oxide Particle (ZnO) Physical Properties 1567.2.1 Chemical Properties 1567.2.2 Nanophase ZnO 1577.2.3 TiO2 Structure and Properties 1577.2.3.1 TiO2 Nanoparticle 1577.3 UV Protective Applications 1577.3.1 Nanocoating of ZnO–TiO2 on Textile Fabric 1587.3.2 Polymer Dispersion Methods of Nanocoating 1587.4 Applications as UV Absorber and Sunscreen 1597.4.1 Nanomaterials Used in UV Protective Finishing 1597.5 Nano-ZnO-TiO2 Finishing 1617.5.1 Mechanism of UV Protection 1627.5.2 UV Protection Through Nano-Finishing of Textiles 1627.6 Evaluation of UV Protection Finishes 1637.7 Conclusions 164References 1658 Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Modified Textile Nanomaterials 167Anurakshee Verma, Rizwan Arif and Sapana Jadoun8.1 Introduction of Textile Nanomaterials 1678.2 Synthesis of Textiles Nanomaterials 1688.2.1 Synthesis via Hydrothermal Method 1698.2.2 Synthesis via Solvo-Thermal Method 1698.2.3 Synthesis via Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method 1698.2.4 Synthesis via Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Method 1708.2.5 Synthesis via Template Method 1708.2.6 Synthesis via Conventional Sol–Gel Method 1708.2.7 Synthesis via Microwave Method 1708.2.8 Synthesis via Fabrication Process 1708.3 Characterization 1718.3.1 Microscopic Characterization of Textile Nanomaterials 1728.3.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 1728.3.1.2 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 1728.3.1.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 1738.3.1.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 1748.3.2 Spectroscopic Characterization of Textile Nanomaterials 1758.3.2.1 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Spectroscopy 1758.3.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy 1758.3.2.3 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) 1758.3.3 Characterization of Textile Nanomaterials by X-Ray 1768.3.3.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) 1768.3.3.2 Wide Angle X-Ray Diffraction 1768.3.3.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 1768.3.3.4 Particle Size Analyzer 1778.3.4 Characterization of Textile Nanomaterial by Some Other Technique 1788.3.4.1 Physical Testing 1788.3.4.2 Determination of Recovery Angle and Tensile Properties 1788.3.4.3 Determination of Absorbency by Wicking Test and Bending Length 1798.3.4.4 Evaluation of Water and Air Permeability 1798.4 Application of Textiles Nanomaterials 1798.4.1 Application Based on Properties of Textile Material 1798.4.1.1 Anti-Bacterial Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 1798.4.1.2 UV Protective Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 1808.4.1.3 Water Repellence Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 1808.4.1.4 Anti-Static Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 1808.4.1.5 Flame Retardant Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 1808.4.1.6 Wrinkle-Free Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 1818.4.1.7 Self-Cleaning Properties of Textile Nanomaterial 1818.4.1.8 Economical and Environmental Aspects of Textile Nanomaterial 1818.4.2 Application in Textile Industry 1828.4.2.1 Textile Nanomaterial Used in Swimming Costume 1828.4.2.2 Textile Nanomaterial Used in Sports Goods 1828.4.2.3 Textile Nanomaterial Used Inflexible Electronic Circuit 1828.4.2.4 Textile Nanomaterial Used in Lifestyle 1828.5 Current Trends and Future Prospects 1838.6 Conclusion 183References 1849 Biomaterials-Based Nanogenerator: Futuristic Solution for Integration Into Smart Textiles 189S. Wazed Ali, Satyaranjan Bairagi and Pramod Shankar9.1 Introduction 1909.2 Biomaterial-Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerator 1919.2.1 Cellulose-Based 1919.2.2 Collagen-Based 1949.2.3 Protein-Based 1979.3 Conclusion 198Acknowledgment 199References 19910 Textiles in Solar Cell Applications 203Khursheed Ahmad10.1 Introduction 20310.2 Basic Principle and Types of Solar Cells 20510.3 Textiles in Solar Cells 20610.3.1 Textiles in Perovskite Solar Cells 20610.3.2 Textiles in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 21010.4 Conclusion 212References 21311 Multifunctionalizations of Textile Materials Highlighted by Unconventional Dyeing 219Vasilica Popescu11.1 Introduction 22011.2 Functionalization of Textile Materials: Functionalization Techniques 22011.3 PAN: Functionalization/Multifunctionalization by Chemical Treatments 22311.3.1 Dyeing of Functionalized Acrylic Fibers with Different Reagents 22911.3.2 Functionalization of PAN-M with Basic Reagents 23011.3.3 Dyeing of PAN-M Functionalized with Basic Reagents 23811.4 Multi-Functionalization of Acrylic Fiber by Grafting with Polyfunctional Agents 24411.4.1 Multifunctionalization of PAN Fiber with Chitosan 24411.4.1.1 Multifunctionalization of PAN-M Fiber with Chitosan by Means of Electrostatical Bonding 24511.4.1.2 Multifunctionalization PAN-M Fiber with Chitosan via Covalent Bonds 24711.4.1.3 Multifunction of PAN Fiber with MCT-β-CD 24811.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate: Functionalization Ways 24911.5.1 Functionalization of PET with Basic Reagents 25011.5.1.1 Dyeing of PET Functionalized with Agents Having Basic Character 25311.5.2 PET Functionalization with Alcohols 25511.5.2.1 Multifunctionalized PET Dyeing with Alcohols 25711.5.3 PET-Multifunctionalization with MCT-β-CD 26011.5.4 Functionalization of the PET Surface with Plasma Treatment 26111.5.4.1 Dyeing of PET Functionalized by Means of Plasma and Grafting with Polyfunctional Compounds 26411.6 Cotton: Multifunctionalization Ways 26611.6.1 Surface Activation with Plasma Followed by Grafting with Polyfunctional Compounds 26711.6.1.1 Dyeing of Multifunctionalized Cotton by Plasma and Grafting Treatments 26911.6.2 Alkyl Chitosan Grafting on Cotton 26911.6.2.1 Dyeing of Cotton Grafted with Alkyl Chitosans 27311.6.3 Multifunctionalization of Cotton with Polyfunctional Compounds and Unconventional Dyeing 27511.6.3.1 Functionalization of Cotton with Tetronic 701 and Chitosan 27511.6.3.2 Functionalization of Cotton with a Tetrol (Tetronic 701) and MCT-β-CD 27711.6.3.3 Successive Functionalization of Cotton with a Tetrol (Tetronic 701), Chitosan, and MCT-β-CD 27711.6.4 Multifunctionalization of Cotton with Carbonyl Compounds and MCT-β-CD 27811.7 Conclusions 279References 28012 Advanced Dyeing or Functional Finishing 291Kunal Singha, Subhankar Maity and Pintu Pandit12.1 Introduction 29212.2 Mechanism of Dyeing by Phase Separation 29312.3 Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Techniques 29312.3.1 Ultrasound Technology 29312.3.2 Ultraviolet (UV) Technology 29412.3.3 Ozone Technology 29412.3.4 Plasma Technology/Ion Implantation Technology 29512.3.5 Gamma Radiation Technology 29512.3.6 Laser Technology 29612.3.7 Microwave Technology 29612.3.8 E-Beam Radiation Technology/Mass-Analyzed Ion Implantation 29612.3.9 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (Sc. CO2) Technology 29612.4 Applications of Ultrasonics in Textiles 29712.4.1 Principle of Ultrasound Dyeing Technique 29812.4.2 Basic Design of the Ultrasound Dyeing Instrument Developed by SASMIRA, India 29912.4.3 Different Section of the Machine 29912.4.4 K/S Value 30012.4.5 Dye Uptake 30112.4.6 Comparison of Ultrasound Dyeing Technique with the Conventional Dyeing Technique for Various Textile Materials 30112.4.7 Dyeing of Polyester by Disperse Dye 30312.5 Conclusions 304References 30513 Plasma and Other Irradiation Technologies Application in Textile 309Kartick K. Samanta, S. Basak and Pintu Pandit13.1 Introduction 31013.2 Plasma Treatment of Textile 31213.3 Optical Properties of Plasma 31413.4 Improvement in Hydrophobic Attribute 31613.4.1 Surface Chemistry of Hydrophobic Textile 31713.5 Improvement in Liquid Absorbency and Coloration 32013.6 Plasma Treatment of Protein Fiber 32213.6.1 On Silk Fiber 32213.6.2 On Wool Fabric 32413.7 UV Irradiation 32513.8 Laser Irradiation 32613.9 Electron Beam Irradiation 32713.10 Summary 327References 32814 Bio-Mordants in Conjunction With Sustainable Radiation Tools for Modification of Dyeing of Natural Fibers 335Shahid Adeel, Shumaila Kiran, Tanvir Ahmad, Noman Habib, Kinza Tariq and Muhammad Hussaan14.1 Natural Dyes 33614.2 Health and Environmental Aspects 33614.3 Isolation Process 33614.3.1 Conventional Methods 33714.3.2 Modern Methods 33714.4 Role of US and MW in Isolation 33714.5 Fabric Chemistry 33814.6 Shade Development Process 33814.6.1 Chemical Mordant 33914.6.2 Bio-Mordant 33914.7 Arjun 34014.8 Neem 34014.9 Coconut 34014.10 Harmal 34014.11 Recent Advances 341Acknowledgments 344References 344Index 349