From Deep Sea to Laboratory 2

Discovering H.M.S. Challenger's Physical Measurements Relating to Ocean Circulation

Inbunden, Engelska, 2019

Av Frederic Aitken, Jean-Numa Foulc, France) Aitken, Frederic (CNRS – Grenoble Electrical Engineering Laboratory, France) Foulc, Jean-Numa (Grenoble Alpes University

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The scientific expedition of H.M.S. Challenger in the 1870s marks the starting point of physical oceanography. This ship traveled the seas of the globe pursuing a dual objective: to conduct an in-depth study of animal life and to observe the physical properties of ocean waters. Volume 2 analyzes and uses for the first time the physical measurements collected by the scientists of the Challenger to show that their surveys establish the link between ocean circulation and the distribution of the ocean’s temperature. From Deep Sea to Laboratory is available in three volumes for curious readers drawn to travel, history and science. Students, researchers and teachers of physics, fluid mechanics and oceanography will find material to deepen their knowledge.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2019-06-14
Mått160 x 239 x 18 mm
Vikt454 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor230
FörlagISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781786303752

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Geovetenskap inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Frédéric Aitken is a CNRS researcher who has previously worked at the Electrostatics and Dielectric Materials Laboratory (LEMD) and is currently working at the Grenoble Electrical Engineering Laboratory (G2Elab). He is the former President of the Alps section of the French Society of Physics.Jean-Numa Foulc is Honorary Professor at Grenoble Alpes University in France. He has had successive positions as an Assistant Professor and then Professor at the Universities of Rouen, Montpellier and Grenoble (Polytech Grenoble). He is currently a researcher at G2Elab.

Foreword viiPreface xiNotations xvChapter 1. The Vertical Distribution of Temperature in the Ocean 11.1. Introduction 21.2. Measuring the temperature of ocean waters 51.2.1. Ordinary thermometers 81.2.2. Recording thermometers 101.2.3. Electric thermometer 191.3. Sources of errors in temperature measurement 21Chapter 2. Global Ocean Circulation 332.1. Introduction 342.2. Global ocean circulation 382.2.1. Geostrophic flow 402.2.2. Sverdrup relation: transport of planetary vorticity or effect of latitude on flow? 522.3. Conclusion and summary 67Chapter 3. A Brief Consideration of Thermocline Properties 713.1. Modeling of the thermocline 723.1.1. Taking heat exchanges into account 723.1.2. Setting up boundary conditions 823.2. Assumptions used to solve the thermocline model 873.2.1. First simplified approaches 873.2.2. Approach proposed by the authors 883.2.3. Formulating the equation of state 933.2.4. Discussion 1003.3. Characteristic properties of the thermocline 1013.3.1. Determining the characteristic scale of the thermocline depth from measurements 1013.3.2. Examples of empirical expressions of k0th(θ)-1 1063.3.3. Vertical velocity at the base of the thermocline 1093.3.4. Ocean water temperature, measurements and models 111Chapter 4. Effect of the Ocean Mixed Layer (OML) 1174.1. Ocean mixed layer modeling 1184.1.1. Ekman layer 1244.1.2. Consequences of Ekman transport 1344.1.3. Conclusion and summary 1414.2. Coupling between the OML and the geostrophic layer 1434.2.1. Taking the bottom boundary layer into account 1474.2.2. Coupling of Ekman boundary layers with the thermocline 1584.3. Seasonal fluctuations 1754.3.1. Role of the vertical temperature gradient in the OML 1784.3.2. Effect of the Earth’s rotation on stratification 1824.4. Role of sea ice 1874.5. Thermohaline circulation 192Conclusion 197References 201Index 205Summary of Volume 1 209