Foundations of Modern Networking

SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud

Häftad, Engelska, 2015

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Foundations of Modern Networking is a comprehensive, unified survey of modern networking technology and applications for today’s professionals, managers, and students. Dr. William Stallings offers clear and well-organized coverage of five key technologies that are transforming networks: Software-Defined Networks (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), Quality of Experience (QoE), the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloudbased services.

Dr. Stallings reviews current network ecosystems and the challenges they face–from Big Data and mobility to security and complexity. Next, he offers complete, self-contained coverage of each new set of technologies: how they work, how they are architected, and how they can be applied to solve real problems. Dr. Stallings presents a chapter-length analysis of emerging security issues in modern networks. He concludes with an up-to date discussion of networking careers, including important recent changes in roles and skill requirements.

Coverage:

Elements of the modern networking ecosystem: technologies, architecture, services, and applications
Evolving requirements of current network environments
SDN: concepts, rationale, applications, and standards across data, control, and application planes
OpenFlow, OpenDaylight, and other key SDN technologies
Network functions virtualization: concepts, technology, applications, and software defined infrastructure
Ensuring customer Quality of Experience (QoE) with interactive video and multimedia network traffic
Cloud networking: services, deployment models, architecture, and linkages to SDN and NFV
IoT and fog computing in depth: key components of IoT-enabled devices, model architectures, and example implementations
Securing SDN, NFV, cloud, and IoT environments
Career preparation and ongoing education for tomorrow’s networking careers

Key Features:

Strong coverage of unifying principles and practical techniques
More than a hundred figures that clarify key concepts
Web support at williamstallings.com/Network/
QR codes throughout, linking to the website and other resources
Keyword/acronym lists, recommended readings, and glossary
Margin note definitions of key words throughout the text

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2015-11-19
Mått232 x 181 x 33 mm
Vikt974 g
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor560
Upplaga1
FörlagPearson Education
ISBN9780134175393

Tillhör följande kategorier

Nätverk och kommunikation inom Data och it

Dr. William Stallings has made a unique contribution to understanding the broad sweep of technical developments in computer security, computer networking, and computer architecture. He has authored 18 textbooks, and, counting revised editions, a total of 70 books on various aspects of these subjects. His writings have appeared in numerous ACM and IEEE publications, including the Proceedings of the IEEE and ACM Computing Reviews. He has 13 times received the award for the best computer science textbook of the year from the Text and Academic Authors Association.In over 30 years in the field, he has been a technical contributor, technical manager, and an executive with several high-technology firms. He has designed and implemented both TCP/IP-based and OSI-based protocol suites on a variety of computers and operating systems, ranging from microcomputers to mainframes. Currently, he is an independent consultant whose clients have included computer and networking manufacturers and customers, software development firms, and leading-edge government research institutions.He created and maintains the Computer Science Student Resource Site at ComputerScie nceStudent.com/. This site provides documents and links on a variety of subjects of general interest to computer science students (and professionals). He is a member of the editorial board of Cryptologia, a scholarly journal devoted to all aspects of cryptology.Dr. Stallings holds a Ph.D. from M.I.T. in Computer Science and a B.S. from Notre Dame in electrical engineering.

Preface xxiPART I MODERN NETWORKING 3Chapter 1: Elements of Modern Networking 41.1 The Networking Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2 Example Network Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A Global Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A Typical Network Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3 Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Applications of Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Ethernet Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.4 Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Applications of Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Wi-Fi Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.5 4G/5G Cellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23First Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Second Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Third Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Fourth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Fifth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.6 Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Cloud Computing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26The Benefits of Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Cloud Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Cloud Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.7 Internet of Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Things on the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Layers of the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.8 Network Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.9 Unified Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.10 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Chapter 2: Requirements and Technology 382.1 Types of Network and Internet Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Elastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Inelastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Real-Time Traffic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.2 Demand: Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Mobile Traffic . . . . . . 45Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Mobile Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512.3 Requirements: QoS and QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542.4 Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Packet Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Elements of a Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.5 Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Effects of Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Congestion Control Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642.6 SDN and NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Network Functions Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692.7 Modern Networking Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712.8 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73PART II SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKS 75Chapter 3: SDN: Background and Motivation 763.1 Evolving Network Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Demand Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Supply Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Traffic Patterns Are More Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Traditional Network Architectures are Inadequate . . . . . . . . . 793.2 The SDN Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80SDN Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . 853.3 SDN- and NFV-Related Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Standards-Developing Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Industry Consortia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Open Development Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893.4 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Chapter 4: SDN Data Plane and OpenFlow 924.1 SDN Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Data Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Data Plane Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.2 OpenFlow Logical Network Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Flow Table Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Flow Table Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102The Use of Multiple Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Group Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074.3 OpenFlow Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094.4 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Chapter 5: SDN Control Plane 1125.1 SDN Control Plane Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Control Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Southbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Northbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195.2 ITU-T Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205.3 OpenDaylight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122OpenDaylight Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122OpenDaylight Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245.4 REST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128REST Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Example REST API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305.5 Cooperation and Coordination Among Controllers . . . . . . . . 133Centralized Versus Distributed Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . 133High-Availability Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Federated SDN Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Border Gateway Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Routing and QoS Between Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Using BGP for QoS Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138IETF SDNi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140OpenDaylight SNDi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1435.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Chapter 6: SDN Application Plane 1446.1 SDN Application Plane Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Northbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Network Services Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Network Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476.2 Network Services Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Abstractions in SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Frenetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1506.3 Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153PolicyCop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1536.4 Measurement and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1576.5 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157OpenDaylight DDoS Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1576.6 Data Center Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Big Data over SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Cloud Networking over SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1646.7 Mobility and Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1686.8 Information-Centric Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168CCNx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Use of an Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1706.9 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173PART III VIRTUALIATION 175Chapter 7: Network Functions Virtualization: Concepts and Architecture 1767.1 Background and Motivation for NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1777.2 Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178The Virtual Machine Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Architectural Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Container Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1837.3 NFV Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Simple Example of the Use of NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188NFV Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189High-Level NFV Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191NFV Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191NFV Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927.5 NFV Reference Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193NFV Management and Orchestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Reference Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Chapter 8: NFV Functionality 1988.1 NFV Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Container Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Deployment of NFVI Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Logical Structure of NFVI Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Compute Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Hypervisor Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Infrastructure Network Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2098.2 Virtualized Network Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213VNF Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213VNFC to VNFC Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215VNF Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2168.3 NFV Management and Orchestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Virtualized Infrastructure Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Virtual Network Function Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218NFV Orchestrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Element Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220OSS/BSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2208.4 NFV Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Architectural Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222Service-Oriented Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2238.5 SDN and NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2258.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2288.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Chapter 9: Network Virtualization 2309.1 Virtual LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231The Use of Virtual LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234Defining VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Communicating VLAN Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Nested VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2399.2 OpenFlow VLAN Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2409.3 Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241IPsec VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241MPLS VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2439.4 Network Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247A Simplified Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Network Virtualization Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Benefits of Network Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2529.5 OpenDaylight's Virtual Tenant Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2539.6 Software-Defined Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Software-Defined Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259SDI Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2619.7 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2639.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263PART IV DEFINING AND SUPPORTING USER NEEDS 265Chapter 10: Quality of Service 26610.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26710.2 QoS Architectural Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Management Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27210.3 Integrated Services Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273ISA Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273ISA Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274ISA Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Queuing Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27710.4 Differentiated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281DiffServ Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282DiffServ Configuration and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284Per-Hop Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Default Forwarding PHB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28710.5 Service Level Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29110.6 IP Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29310.7 OpenFlow QoS Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Queue Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29710.8 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29910.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Chapter 11: QoE: User Quality of Experience 30011.1 Why QoE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Online Video Content Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30211.2 Service Failures Due to Inadequate QoE Considerations . . . . . 30411.3 QoE-Related Standardization Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30411.4 Definition of Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Definition of Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306Definition of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306Quality Formation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Definition of Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30811.5 QoE Strategies in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308The QoE/QoS Layered Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Summarizing and Merging the QoE/QoS Layers . . . . . . . . . 31011.6 Factors Influencing QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31111.7 Measurements of QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Subjective Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Objective Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314End-User Device Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Summarizing the QoE Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . 31611.8 Applications of QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31711.9 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31911.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Chapter 12: Network Design Implications of QoS and QoE 32212.1 Classification of QoE/QoS Mapping Models . . . . . . . . . . 323Black-Box Media-Based QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . . . 323Glass-Box Parameter-Based QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . . 325Gray-Box QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326Tips for QoS/QoE Mapping Model Selection . . . . . . . . . . . 32712.2 IP-Oriented Parameter-Based QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . 327Network Layer QoE/QoS Mapping Models for Video Services . . . . 328Application Layer QoE/QoS Mapping Models for Video Services . . 32812.3 Actionable QoE over IP-Based Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 330The System-Oriented Actionable QoE Solution . . . . . . . . . . 330The Service-Oriented Actionable QoE Solution . . . . . . . . . . 33112.4 QoE Versus QoS Service Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332QoS Monitoring Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334QoE Mo