Foundations for Microstrip Circuit Design

Mr Terence Edwards,  Engalco Research, UKTerry Edwards gained a Diploma in Technology (Eng.) at what is now London South Bank University. During his early career he was a senior development engineer for Ultra Electronics. This carried the responsibility for the microminiaturisation of electronics on the control system for the Concorde jet engine. Technology has been a constant theme for his career and he moved into lecturing basic electrical engineering and electronics at High Wycombe College of Technology & Arts. He took on a landmark role of senior lecturer at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia that involved him launching and teaching solid state microwave technology. Until recently he was Executive Director of Engalco Research, a strategic commercial and military industrial consultancy and research organization. Engalco is well known for providing industry and market data reports in the field of microwave products for defense and SATCOM applications. From January 2014 Terry has been leading a new management and technology venture names Edwards Research Associates.Professor Michael B Steer, North Carolina State University, USAMichael Steer is the Lampe Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina State University (NC State). He is a Fellow of the IEEE (the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). He was Secretary of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT-S) in 1997 and was a member of the MTT-S Administrative Committee from 1998 to 2001, and from 2003 to 2006. He received a Service Recognition Awards from the Society in 1998 and 2001.

• Preface xxiiiAcknowledgements xxv1 Introduction to Design Using Microstrip and Planar Lines 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Origins of Microstrip 21.3 RF and Microwave Modules 41.4 Interconnections on RF and Microwave Integrated Circuits 131.5 High-speed Digital Interconnections 151.6 Summary 18References 182 Fundamentals of Signal Transmission on Interconnects 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Transmission Lines and Interconnects 192.3 Interconnects as Part of a Packaging Hierarchy 202.4 The Physical Basis of Interconnects 212.5 The Physics, a Guided Wave 232.6 When an Interconnect Should be Treated as a Transmission Line 322.7 The Concept of RF Transmission Lines 342.8 Primary Transmission Line Constants 342.9 Secondary Constants for Transmission Lines 352.10 Transmission Line Impedances 372.11 Reflection 382.12 Multiple Conductors 412.13 Return Currents 442.14 Modeling of Interconnects 472.15 Summary 49References 503 Microwave Network Analysis 513.1 Introduction 513.2 Two-port Networks 513.3 Scattering Parameter Theory 553.4 Signal-flow Graph Techniques and S Parameters 703.5 Summary 74References 744 Transmission Line Theory 764.1 Introduction 764.2 Transmission Line Theory 764.3 Chain (ABCD) Parameters for a Uniform Length of Loss-free Transmission Line 814.4 Change in Reference Plane 824.5 Working With a Complex Characteristic Impedance 834.6 Summary 87References 885 Planar Interconnect Technologies 895.1 Introductory Remarks 895.2 Microwave Frequencies and Applications 895.3 Transmission Line Structures 915.4 Substrates for Planar Transmission Lines 985.5 Thin-film Modules 1025.6 Thick-film Modules 1045.7 Monolithic Technology 1055.8 Printed Circuit Boards 1085.9 Multichip Modules 1115.10 Summary 116References 1176 Microstrip Design at Low Frequencies 1206.1 The Microstrip Design Problem 1206.2 The Quasi-TEM Mode of Propagation 1226.3 Static-TEM Parameters 1246.4 Effective Permittivity and Characteristic Impedance of Microstrip 1276.5 Filling Factor 1326.6 Approximate Graphically Based Synthesis 1346.7 Formulas for Accurate Static-TEM Design Calculations 1376.8 Electromagnetic Analysis-based Techniques 1396.9 A Worked Example of Static-TEM Synthesis 1406.10 Microstrip on a Dielectrically Anisotropic Substrate 1416.11 Microstrip and Magnetic Materials 1466.12 Effects of Finite Strip Thickness, Metallic Enclosure, and Manufacturing Tolerances 1476.13 Pulse Propagation along Microstrip Lines 1516.14 Recommendations Relating to the Static-TEM Approaches 1526.15 Summary 154References 1557 Microstrip at High Frequencies 1577.1 Introduction 1577.2 Frequency-dependent Effects 1577.3 Approximate Calculations Accounting for Dispersion 1697.4 Accurate Design Formulas 1737.5 Effects due to Ferrite and to Dielectrically Anisotropic Substrates 1827.6 Field Solutions 1837.7 Frequency Dependence of Microstrip Characteristic Impedance 1867.8 Multimoding and Limitations on Operating Frequency 1907.9 Design Recommendations 1947.10 Summary 196References 1968 Loss and Power-dependent Effects in Microstrip 2008.1 Introduction 2008.2 Q Factor as a Measure of Loss 2008.3 Power Losses and Parasitic Effects 2088.4 Superconducting Microstrip Lines 2168.5 Power-handling Capabilities 2198.6 Passive Intermodulation Distortion 2218.7 Summary 224References 2249 Discontinuities in Microstrip 2279.1 Introduction 2279.2 The Main Discontinuities 2289.3 Bends in Microstrip 2369.4 Step Changes in Width (Impedance Step) 2419.5 The Narrow Transverse Slit 2439.6 Microstrip Junctions 2459.7 Recommendations for the Calculation of Discontinuities 2619.8 Summary 266References 26610 Parallel-coupled Microstrip Lines 26810.1 Introduction 26810.2 Coupled Transmission Line Theory 26910.3 Formulas for Characteristic Impedance of Coupled Lines 27810.4 Semi-empirical Analysis Formulas as a Design Aid 29010.5 An Approximate Synthesis Technique 30110.6 Summary 304References 30411 Applications of Parallel-coupled Microstrip Lines 30611.1 Introduction 30611.2 Directional Couplers 30611.3 Design Example: Design of a 10 dB Microstrip Coupler 30811.4 Frequency- and Length-Dependent Characteristics of Directional Couplers 31011.5 Special Coupler Designs with Improved Performance 31511.6 Thickness Effects, Power Losses, and Fabrication Tolerances 32911.7 Choice of Structure and Design Recommendations 33111.8 Summary 336References 33712 Microstrip Passive Elements 33912.1 Introduction 33912.2 Lumped Elements 33912.3 Terminations and Attenuators 34312.4 Microstrip Stubs 34512.5 Hybrids and Couplers 34812.6 Power Combiners and Dividers 35512.7 Baluns 35712.8 Integrated Components 35912.9 Summary 365References 36513 Stripline Design 36913.1 Introduction 36913.2 Symmetrical Stripline 37013.3 Asymmetrical Stripline 37313.4 Suspended Stripline 37513.5 Coupled Stripline 37513.6 Double-sided Stripline 37913.7 Discontinuities 38013.8 Design Recommendations 38113.9 Summary 382References 38214 CPW Design Fundamentals 38414.1 Introduction to Properties of Coplanar Waveguide 38414.2 Modeling CPWs 38914.3 Formulas for Accurate Calculations 39114.4 Loss Mechanisms 39314.5 Dispersion 39714.6 Discontinuities 40814.7 Circuit Elements 42114.8 Variants on the Basic CPW Structure 43014.9 Summary 439References 43915 Slotline 44315.1 Introduction 44315.2 Basic Concept and Structure 44415.3 Operating Principles and Modes 44415.4 Propagation and Dispersion Characteristics 44715.5 Evaluation of Guide Wavelength and Characteristic Impedance 45115.6 Losses 45315.7 End-effects: Open Circuits and Short Circuits 45515.8 Summary 463References 46316 Slotline Applications 46516.1 Introduction 46516.2 Comparators and Couplers 46516.3 Filter Applications 47216.4 Magic T 47416.5 The Marchand Balun 47716.6 Phase Shifters 48016.7 Isolators and Circulators 48116.8 A Double-sided, Balanced Microwave Circuit 48616.9 Summary 486References 48617 Transitions 48817.1 Introduction 48817.2 Coaxial-to-microstrip Transitions 48817.3 Waveguide-to-microstrip Transitions 49017.4 Transitions between CPW and other Mediums 49517.5 Slotline Transitions 49817.6 Other Microstrip Transitions 51017.7 Summary 511References 51118 Measurements of Planar Transmission Line Structures 51418.1 Introduction 51418.2 Instrumentation Systems for Microstrip Measurements 51418.3 Measurement of Scattering Parameters 51518.4 Measurement of Substrate Properties 51918.5 Microstrip Resonator Methods 52318.6 Q Factor Measurements 53318.7 Measurements of Parallel-coupled Microstrips 53518.8 Time-domain Reflectometry Techniques 53718.9 Summary 539References 53919 Filters Using Planar Transmission Lines 54119.1 Introduction 54119.2 Filter Prototypes 54119.3 Microstrip Filters 55419.4 Microstrip Bandpass Filters 55919.5 Parallel-coupled Line Bandpass Filters 56119.6 Filter Design Accounting for Losses 57219.7 Dielectric Resonators and Filters Using Them 57219.8 Spurline Bandstop Filters 57319.9 Summary 575References 57520 Magnetic Materials and Planar Transmission Lines 57620.1 Introduction 57620.2 Microwave Magnetic Materials 57720.3 Effective Permeability of Magnetic Materials 58720.4 Microstrip on a Ferrite Substrate 58920.5 Isolators and Circulators 59220.6 Transmission Lines Using Metaconductors 59520.7 Frequency Selective Limiter 60620.8 Summary 607References 60721 Interconnects for Digital Systems 61021.1 Introduction 61021.2 Overview of On-chip Interconnects 61021.3 RC Modeling of On-chip Interconnects 61321.4 Modeling Inductance 61921.5 Clock Distribution 62221.6 Resonant Clock Distribution 62521.7 Summary 626References 627A Physical and Mathematical Properties 629A.1 SI Units 629A.2 SI Prefixes 629A.3 Physical and Mathematical Constants 631A. 4 Basis of Electromagnetic SI Units 631A.5 Relationship of SI Units to CGS Units 632B Material Properties 635References 642C RF and Microwave Substrates 643C.1 Hard substrates 643C.2 Soft Substrates 644Index 647