A critical study of this kind—reading modern German philosophy and literary masterpieces in the context of twentieth-century biopolitics and other scientific-reductive definitions of "life"—has been long overdue in German studies, yet Gailus's marvelous book was worth the wait! In lucid prose and pointed arguments, Gailus introduces his readers to the philosophical history of vital materialism, he provides superb readings of canonical literary texts that demonstrate the continued relevance of the German tradition in scientific debates.(Goethe Yearbook) "[...] Gailus' commanding study offers unique historical and systematic insights. It is in response to an evident lack in contemporary conceptualizations of life that the book finds its proper ground. And it is precisely here that it develops generous and original ways of reading canonical literature that will orient scholarship for some time to come(German Studies Review)