Forestry and Biodiversity

Fred L. Bunnell is a professor emeritus of forestry and conservation biology at the University of British Columbia. Glen B. Dunsworth is a forest ecology and conservation biology consultant.

• List of IllustrationsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPart 1: Introduction1 The Problem / Fred L. Bunnell, Glen B. Dunsworth, David J. Huggard, and Laurie L. Kremsater1.1 "Wicked" Problems1.2 Expanding and Competing Values1.3 Special Difficulties in Forests1.4 Adaptive Management1.5 Bounding the Book: What It Is and Is Not1.6 Summary2 The Example / Fred L. Bunnell, William J. Beese, and Glen B. Dunsworth2.1 Physical and Ecological Setting2.1.1 Physical Landscape2.1.2 Climate, Vegetation, and Fauna2.2 Social and Historical Contexts2.3 New Planning and Practices2.3.1 Planning2.3.2 Practices2.4 Structures to Make It Work2.5 Monitoring2.6 Summary3 The Approach / Fred L. Bunnell and Glen B. Dunsworth3.1 Managers' Questions3.2 Establishing Objectives and Measures of Success3.2.1 Defining Biological Diversity3.2.2 A Criterion and Indicators of Success3.3 Deciding on Actions3.4 Evaluating Success3.4.1 Bounding the Problem3.4.2 The Major Questions3.4.3 Kinds of Monitoring and Adaptive Management3.4.4 Creating Structured Learning3.5 Linking Findings to Actions3.6 Summary4 Implementing the Approach / Fred L. Bunnell, William J. Beese, and Glen B. Dunsworth4.1 Change in Midstream4.2 Progress in Adopting the Approach4.2.1 Implementing Planning4.2.2 Implementing Variable Retention4.3 Assessing the Outcomes of Guidelines4.3.1 Biological Legacies4.3.2 Forest Influence4.3.3 Amount of Retention4.3.4 Forest Stewardship4.3.5 Requisite Variety4.4 Lessons from Implementation Monitoring4.5 SummaryPart 2: The Indicators5 Effectiveness Monitoring: An Introduction / Fred L. Bunnell, David J. Huggard, and Glen B. Dunsworth5.1 Context5.2 How Do We Ask Our Questions?5.3 What Would We Do with the Data if We Had Them?5.4 How Do We Discern What Is Better?5.5 Where Does the Answer Apply?5.6 The Role of Pilot Studies5.7 Summary6 Ecosystem Representation: Sustaining Poorly Known Species and Functions / David J. Huggard and Laurie L. Kremsater6.1 Rationale6.2 What to Monitor6.2.1 Amount of Non-Harvestable or Lightly Managed Area6.2.2 Ecosystem Representation6.2.3 Size of Non-Harvestable Patches and Geographic Distribution6.2.4 Edge and Interior6.2.5 Special Ecosystems and Productivity6.2.6 Other Indices of Spatial Pattern6.2.7 Natural Disturbances and Stand Age Distribution6.2.8 Responsibility and Regional Protected Areas6.3 How to Monitor6.4 Anticipated Feedback to Management6.5 Summary7 Learning from Ecosystem Representation / David J. Huggard, Laurie L. Kremsater, and Glen B. Dunsworth7.1 Context7.2 Methods7.2.1 Ecosystem Representation7.2.2 Edge/Interior and Patch Size7.2.3 Other Land Use Designations Emphasizing Conservation7.2.4 Responsibility and Protected Areas7.3 Results7.3.1 Responsibility and Protected Areas7.3.2 Representation of Variants in the Non-Harvestable Land Base7.3.3 Representation of Site Series7.3.4 Edge/Interior and Other Spatial Aspects7.3.5 Representation in Other Conservation Designations7.4 Discussion7.4.1 Limitations of Analysis7.4.2 Management Priorities: Under-Represented Dry Variants7.4.3 Management Priorities: Edge Effects7.4.4 Focusing Finer-Filter Monitoring7.5 Summary8 Sustaining Forested Habitat / David J. Huggard, Fred L. Bunnell, and Laurie L. Kremsater8.1 Rationale8.1.1 Habitat Elements in Stands8.l.2 Habitat Structure in Stands8.1.3 Landscape Features8.2 What to Monitor8.2.1 Standard Habitat Elements and Their Attributes8.2.2 Integrative Habitat Variables8.2.3 Process Variables for Long-Term Habitat Projections8.2.4 Landscape Features8.2.5 Hypothetical Species as Landscape Indices8.3 How to Monitor8.3.1 Standard Habitat Elements and Their Attributes8.3.2 Integrative Habitat Variables (Habitat Structures)8.3.3 Process Variables for Long-Term Habitat Projections8.3.4 Landscape Features8.3.5 Hypothetical Species for Landscape Evaluation8.4 Anticipated Feedback to Management8.5 Summary9 Learning from Habitat Elements / David J. Huggard, Jeff Sandford, and Laurie L. Kremsater9.1 Context9.2 Methods9.2.1 Field Methods9.2.2 Subsampling Design9.2.3 Study Design9.2.4 Approach to Summaries9.3 Results and Implications9.3.1 Expected Precision9.3.2 Comparison among Retention Types9.3.3 Comparison of Retention Patches with Uncut Benchmarks9.3.4 Relationships of Habitat Elements with Percent Retention9.3.5 Edge Effects9.3.6 Comparison of Patch Anchor Types9.3.7 Operational Progress9.4 General Discussion9.5 Summary10 Sustaining Forest-Dwelling Species / Laurie L. Kremsater and Fred L. Bunnell10.1 Rationale10.2 What to Monitor? An Overview10.3 What to Monitor: Vascular Plants10.3.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Vascular Plants10.3.2 How to Monitor: Vascular Plants10.3.3 Links to Management: Vascular Plants10.4 What to Monitor: Bryophytes10.4.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Bryophytes10.4.2 How to Monitor: Bryophytes10.4.3 Links to Management: Bryophytes10.5 What to Monitor: Lichens10.5.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Lichens10.5.2 How to Monitor: Lichens10.5.3 Links to Management: Lichens10.6 What to Monitor: Fungi10.6.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Fungi10.6.2 How to Monitor: Fungi10.6.3 Links to Management: Fungi10.7 What to Monitor: Invertebrates10.7.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Invertebrates10.7.2 How to Monitor: Invertebrates10.7.3 Links to Management: Invertebrates10.8 What to Monitor: Vertebrates10.8.1 Factors Influencing Monitoring: Vertebrates10.8.2 What to Monitor: Vertebrates10.8.3 Links to Management: Vertebrates10.9 Overall Feedback to Management10.10 Summary11 Learning from Organisms / David J. Huggard and Laurie L. Kremsater11.1 Context11.2 Intended Roles of the Pilot Study Phase11.2.1 Assess Sensitivity to Forest Practices11.2.2 Define Ecological Strata11.2.3 Define Appropriate Sampling Methods11.2.4 Guide Optimization of Sampling11.2.5 Illustrate Ways to Generalize11.2.6 Summary of the Pilot Phase11.3 Individual Monitoring Projects11.3.1 Breeding Bird Surveys11.3.2 Songbirds11.3.3 Owls11.3.4 Red Squirrels11.3.5 Carabid (Ground) Beetles11.3.6 Gastropods11.3.7 Bryophytes and Vascular Plants11.3.8 Epiphytic Lichens11.3.9 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi11.3.10 Aquatic-Breeding Amphibians11.4 SummaryPart 3: Summary12 Designing a Monitoring Program / David J. Huggard, Laurie L. Kremsater, and Fred L. Bunnell12.1 Context12.2 How to Ask Questions12.2.1 Comparisons and Mechanisms12.2.2 Types of Comparisons12.3 Stand-Level Comparisons12.3.1 Very High-Priority Comparisons12.3.2 High-Priority Comparisons12.3.3 Moderate-Priority Comparisons12.3.4 Low-Priority Comparisons12.3.5 Summary of Comparisons12.4 Selecting Indicator Variables12.5 Matching Indicators with Comparisons12.6 Answering Questions Well12.6.1 Operational versus Experimental Comparisons12.6.2 Blocking Factors12.6.3 Pre-Treatment Measurement12.7 Monitoring over Larger Areas12.7.1 Indicator 1: Representation of Ecosystem Types in Non-Harvestable Areas12.7.2 Indicator 2: Stand and Landscape Features12.7.3 Indicator 3: Organisms12.7.4 Other Possible Ecological Variables for Broad-Scale Monitoring12.8 The Role of Models12.8.1 General Modelling Approach12.8.2 Specific Forms of Modelling12.8.3 Implications of Incorporating Mechanisms12.9 Summary13 Summary: Progress and Lessons Learned / Fred L. Bunnell, David J. Huggard, and Laurie L. Kremsater13.1 Context13.2 Progress13.3 Lessons Learned13.3.1 Organizational Structure13.3.2 Design13.3.3 Feedback13.4 Summary ThoughtsAppendicesNotesGlossaryLiterature CitedList of Contributors Index

"This book is an essential read and reference for all forest stakeholders who are committed to integrated management of forests for sustained economic, environmental, and cultural values. So much written about this subject is theoretical, but this book shares major lessons from a large-scale real-world effort to implement such management and to assess its effectiveness. - Jerry Franklin, University of Washington"