Food and Nutritional Supplements

• 1 The Rise and Rise of Food and Nutritional Supplements an Overview of the Market.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The Products.- 1.3 What are People Taking?.- 1.4 Growth Across Western Europe.- 1.5 Who Manufactures Vitamin, Mineral and Dietary Supplements?.- 1.6 Retail Distribution of Vitamins, Minerals and Dietary Supplements.- 1.7 What is Driving the Growth in this Market?.- 1.8 Do Supplement Users Need to Take Supplements?.- 1.9 Regulating the Market.- 1.10 The Future for Vitamins, Minerals and Dietary Supplements.- 1.11 ConclusionM.- 1.12 References.- 2 Why do Health Professionals Need to Know More About Nutrition?.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Our Hunger for Knowledge.- 2.3 Health Professionals: the Authorative Source of Nutrition Information?.- 2.4 Nutrition: the Orphan Discipline.- 2.5 What are the Obstacles to Giving Nutrition Advice?.- 2.6 The Updated Role of Health Professionals: a New Approach.- 2.7 Conclusion.- 2.8 References.- 3 Nutrient Requirements in Health and Disease.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 What Nutrients are Needed, and How Much?.- 3.3 Dietary Reference Values.- 3.4 Meeting the Targets.- 3.5 Pregnancy and Lactation — Life-Long Health Implications of Nutrition.- 3.6 The Weaning Process.- 3.7 Childhood.- 3.8 Younger Schoolchildren.- 3.9 Adolescence.- 3.10 Adulthood.- 3.11 Older Years.- 3.12 Conclusion.- 3.13 References.- 4 Placebo and Panacea: The Healing Effect of Nutritional Supplements.- 4.1 Why Do So Many People Feel Unwell.- 4.2 The Placebo or Healing Effect.- 4.3 Who Responds to Placebo Medication.- 4.4 Nutritional Supplements as Placebos.- 4.5 The Ethics of Prescribing or Marketing Placebos as Nutritional Supplements.- 4.6 References.- 5 Antioxidants Nutrition and Health.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Involvement of Free Radicals in Degenerative Disease andModulation by Antioxidants.- 5.3 Cancer Aetiology.- 5.4 Cardiovascular Disease Aetiology.- 5.5 Reduction of Disease Risk by Antioxidant Nutrients.- 5.6 Cancer.- 5.7 Cardiovascular Disease.- 5.8 References.- 6 Nutritional and Non-Nutritional Uses of Vitamin B6.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Metabolism and Metabolie Functions of Vitamin B6.- 6.3 Requirements and Reference Nutrient Intakes.- 6.4 Potential Benefits of Higher Levels of Intake: Homocysteine Metabolism.- 6.5 Pharmacological Uses of Vitamin B6.- 6.6 Drug Interactions with Vitamin B6.- 6.7 Toxicity of Vitamin B6.- 6.8 References.- 7 Folic Acid and Disease Prevention:A Long Day’s Journey Into light.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Folate Prevention of Neural Tube Defects.- 7.3 Other Congenital Malformations and Folate.- 7.4 Folate, Homocysteine and Occlusive Vascular Disease.- 7.5 Folate Requirements and Provision.- 7.6 Changed Diet.- 7.7 Supplements.- 7.8 Food Fortification.- 7.9 Conclusions.- 7.10 References.- 8 The Addition of Micronutrients to Food.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Historical Background.- 8.3 Some Definitions.- 8.4 The Rationale for the Addition of Nutrients to Food.- 8.5 Policy Considerations.- 8.6 Legislative Aspects of Micronutrients Addition to Food.- 8.7 The Efficacy of the Addition of Micronutrients to Food.- 8.8 References.- 9 Probiotics and Prebiotics in Health.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Probiotic Bacteria in Human Health: An Overview Colette Shortt and Seppo Salminen.- 9.3 Prebiotics in Human Health: An Overview Marcel Roberfroid.- 9.4 References.- 10 Phytoestrogens and Health.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Dietary Intake.- 10.3 Heart Disease.- 10.4 Cancer.- 10.5 Osteoporosis.- 10.6 Key points.- 10.7 Menop ausal Symptoms.- 10.8 Potential Adverse Effects.- 10.9 Conclusions and Recommendations.- 10.10References.- 11 Dietary Supplements and their Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Evidence.- 11.3 Early Attempts at Dietary Modification to Prevent CHD.- 11.4 The Diet Trials.- 11.5 Homocysteine.- 11.6 Antioxidants.- 11.7 Alcohol.- 11.8 Plant Sterols and Stanols.- 11.9 Conclusion.- 11.10 References.- 12 The Scientific Basis for Fish Oil Supplementation in Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Fatty Acids in the Human Diet.- 12.3 The Immune System.- 12.4 Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 12.5 Eicosanoids: The Link Between FattyAcids and the Immune System.- 12.6 Effects of Fish Oil on Immune Function.- 12.7 Fish Oil Intervention in Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 12.8 Conclusions and Comments.- 12.9 References.

From the reviews: "This book is recommended because each of the contributors has provided a concise but comprehensive coverage of the latest developments in our understanding of nutrition in relation to food and nutritional supplements. Therefore, an informed view has been created by the editors as a basis when making decisions about healthy eating or the use of dietary supplements." (Advances in Food Science, Vol. 24 (3), 2002) "The purpose of this book is to examine the phenomenon of self medication with nutritional supplements from both a biological and psychological perspective. ... This book is designed to meet the needs of those professionals who are called upon to advise patients and the general public. It also provides a valuable text for those who are researchers or decision makers in the food and pharmaceutical industries." (Food Trade Review, Vol. 72, February, 2002)