Feline Patient

The EditorGARY D. NORSWORTHY, DVM, DABVP (Feline), is a Charter Diplomate of the Feline Practice Category of the American Board of Veterinary Practitioners; a Clinical Associate Faculty at Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine in Pomona, California, USA; an Adjunct Professor at Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine in Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA; and the owner of Alamo Feline Health Center in San Antonio, Texas, USA.

• Contributors xiiiPreface xviNorsworthy’s Notes xviiAbout the Companion Website xviiiSection 1: Diseaases and Conditions1 Acetaminophen Toxicosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 32 Acne Jason B. Pieper 53 Acromegaly Sharon Fooshee Grace 74 Actinomycosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 95 Adenocarcinoma and Carcinoma John Metcalfe Thomason 126 Amyloidosis Andrew Sparkes 147 Anal Sac Disease Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 168 Anaplasmosis (Ehrlichiosis) Sharon Fooshee Grace 189 Anemia Sharon Fooshee Grace 2010 Anorexia Elaine Wexler-Mitchell 2311 Aortic Stenosis Larry P. Tilley 2512 Arrhythmias Michael S. Miller and Larry P. Tilley 2713 Ascites Larry P. Tilley 3014 Aspergillosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 3215 Aspirin Toxicosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 3516 Atopic Dermatitis Sarah O’Neill 3717 Bartonellosis John Metcalfe Thomason 4018 Basal Cell Tumors Bradley R. Schmidt 4219 Biliary Cysts Miche`le Fradin-Ferme´ 4420 Bite Wounds by Canines Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 4721 Bite Wounds by Felines Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 4922 Blastomycosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 5223 Blindness Karen R. Brantman 5524 Bordetella Infection Teija Kaarina Viita-aho 5725 Brachial Plexus Neuropathy Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 5926 Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome Ryan Butler, Mac Maxwell, and Gary D. Norsworthy 6027 Bronchial Disease, Chronic Elaine Wexler-Mitchell 6328 Calicivirus Infection Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 6829 Carcinomatosis Bradley R. Schmidt 7130 Cataracts Charles H. Bonney 7431 Ceruminous Gland Disease Elaine Wexler-Mitchell 7732 Cervical Ventroflexion Elizabeth J. Colleran 8033 Chlamydophila Infection Teija Kaarina Viita-aho 8234 Chylothorax Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 8535 Cobalamin Deficiency Jo¨rg M. Steiner 8936 Coccidioidomycosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 9137 Coccidiosis, Enteric Elizabeth J. Colleran 9338 Constipation Obstipation Sharon Fooshee Grace 9539 Corneal Ulcers Gwen H. Sila and Casey C. Robinson 9740 Coughing Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 10241 Cryptococcosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 10442 Cryptosporidiosis Jennifer Lavallee 10743 Cutaneous Markers of Systemic Disease Jason B. Pieper 10944 Cuterebriasis Sharon Fooshee Grace 11245 Cystitis, Idiopathic Tatiana Weissova and Gary D. Norsworthy 11446 Cytauxzoonosis Jennifer Lavallee and Gary D. Norsworthy 12047 Dermatophytosis SarahO’Neill 12248 Diabetes Insipidus Andrew Sparkes 12749 Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Complications Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 12950 Diabetes Mellitus, Loose Control Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 13151 Diabetes Mellitus, Tight Control and Remission Audrey K. Cook 13352 Diabetes Mellitus, Traditional Control Audrey K. Cook 13653 Diabetic Ketoacidosis Audrey K. Cook 13954 Diaphragmatic Hernia Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 14255 Diarrhea John Metcalfe Thomason 14656 Digital Diseases Elizabeth Colleran 14957 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Larry P. Tilley 15258 Draining Tracts and Nodules Sarah O’Neill 15859 Dysautonomia Karen Lovelace Tofte 16460 Dyspnea Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 16661 Dystocia Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 16862 Dysuria, Pollakiuria, and Stranguria Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 17163 Ear Mites Sharon Fooshee Grace 17364 Envenomization:Arachnids Tatiana Weissova 17565 Envenomization: Insects Tatiana Weissova 17966 Envenomization: Snakes Tatiana Weissova 18267 Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex Sarah O’Neill 18668 Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis Lindsey N. Pelych and Gwen H. Sila 19069 Esophageal Disease Andrew Sparkes 19370 Ethylene Glycol Toxicity Tatiana Weissova and Gary D. Norsworthy 19871 Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency Jo¨rg M. Steiner 20272 Eyelid Diseases and Surgery Lindsey N. Pelych and Gwen H. Sila 20473 Feline Enteric Coronavirus Infection Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 20874 Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Sharon Fooshee Grace 21075 Feline Infectious Peritonitis Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 21276 Feline Leukemia Virus Diseases Fernanda Vieira Amorim da Costa and Gary D. Norsworthy 21577 Femoral Neck Osteopathy Justin Harper 22078 Fever Jennifer Lavallee 22379 Flea Allergy Dermatitis Jason B. Pieper 22580 Fleas Sharon Fooshee Grace 22881 Flukes: Liver, Biliary, and Pancreatic Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 23082 Food Reactions Jason B. Pieper 23383 Giardiasis Jennifer Lavallee 23584 Glaucoma Charles H. Bonney 23785 Glomerulonephritis Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 24086 Granulosa-theca Cell Tumor Fernanda Vieira Amorim da Costa and Heloisa Justen Moreira de Souza 24287 Heartworm Disease and Heartworm-associated Respiratory Disease Jane E. Brunt 24488 Heinz Body Hemolytic Anemia and Methemoglobinemia Sharon Fooshee Grace 24889 Helicobacter Infection Courtney North 25090 Hemangiosarcoma Bradley R. Schmidt 25291 Hemoplasmosis Sharon Fooshee Grace and Gary D. Norsworthy 25592 Hepatic Lipidosis Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 25893 Hepatitis, Inflammatory Sharon Fooshee Grace 26294 Herpesvirus Infection Sharon Fooshee Grace 26795 High-rise Syndrome Elizabeth Colleran 27096 Histoplasmosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 27297 Hookworms Jennifer Lavallee 27698 Horner’s Syndrome Sharon Fooshee Grace 27899 Hydronephrosis Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 280100 Hyperadrenocorticism Karen Lovelace Tofte 283101 Hyperaldosteronism, Primary (Conn’s Disease) Andrew Sparkes 286102 Hypercalcemia Miche`le Fradin-Ferme´ 289103 Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Sharon Fooshee Grace 292104 Hyperesthesia Syndrome Jennifer Lavallee 294105 Hyperkalemia Miche`le Fradin-Ferme´ 296106 Hyperparathyroidism Fernanda Vieira Amorim da Costa 299107 Hypertension, Systemic Beate Egner 303108 Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy Beate Egner 308109 Hyperthyroidism Jennifer Lavallee, James K. Olson, and Gary D. Norsworthy 311110 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Larry P. Tilley 316111 Hypoadrenocorticism Karen Lovelace Tofte 324112 Hypoalbuminemia Sharon Fooshee Grace 326113 Hypocalcemia Karen Lovelace Tofte 329114 Hypokalemia Audrey K. Cook 332115 Hypomagnesemia Miche`le Fradin-Ferme´ 334116 Hypophosphatemia Stephanie Gandy Murphy 336117 Icterus Sharon Fooshee Grace 338118 Idiopathic Ulcerative Dermatitis Jason B. Pieper 341119 Ileus Anthony P. Carr 344120 Immune-mediated Hemolytic Anemia Anthony P. Carr 347121 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Courtney North 349122 Inflammatory Polyps and Masses Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 352123 Intraocular Tumors Karen R. Brantman 355124 Ischemic Encephalopathy Sharon Fooshee Grace 358125 Keratitis and Conjunctivitis Charles H. Bonney 360126 Kidneys, Abnormal Size Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 365127 Laryngeal Disease Andrew Sparkes 367128 Leprosy Syndrome Sharon Fooshee Grace 371129 Linear Foreign Bodies Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 374130 Lumbosacral Disease and Spondylosis Deformans Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 377131 Lung Parasites Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 379132 Lymphoma Bradley R. Schmidt 381133 Malassezia Dermatitis Jason B. Pieper 384134 Mammary Hyperplasia Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 385135 Mammary Neoplasia Bradley R. Schmidt 387136 Manx Syndrome Jennifer Lavallee 390137 Mast Cell Tumors Bradley R. Schmidt 393138 Megacolon Anthony P. Carr 396139 Meningioma Sharon Fooshee Grace 401140 Mesothelioma Fernanda Vieira Amorim da Costa 403141 Metaldehyde Toxicosis Tatiana Weissova 405142 Miliary Dermatitis Jason B. Pieper 407143 Mitral Valve Dysplasia Larry P. Tilley 408144 Mosquito Bite Hypersensitivity Jason B. Pieper 410145 Murmurs Larry P. Tilley and Francis W.K. Smith, Jr. 412146 Myasthenia Gravis Paula A. Schuerer and Sharon Fooshee Grace 414147 Mycobacterial Diseases, Rapidly Growing Sharon Fooshee Grace 416148 Myiasis Elizabeth Colleran 418149 Nasal and Frontal Sinus Disease, Chronic Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 420150 Nasopharyngeal Disease Arnold Plotnick 422151 Neonatal Isoerythrolysis Sharon Fooshee Grace 424152 Neurogenic Bladder Sharon Fooshee Grace 426153 Nocardiosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 428154 Obesity Christopher J. H. Simpson 430155 Oral Neoplasia Bradley R. Schmidt 435156 Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicosis Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 438157 Osteoarthritis and Degenerative Joint Disease Andrew Sparkes 440158 Otitis Externa Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 443159 Otitis Media and Interna Sharon Fooshee Grace 448160 Ovarian Remnant Syndrome Erin O’Docharty Dresner 451161 Palatine Arterial Bleeding Richard Malik 453162 Pancreatitis, Acute Jo¨rg M. Steiner 457163 Pancreatitis, Chronic Jo¨rg M. Steiner 460164 Panleukopenia (Feline Parvovirus Infection) Sharon Fooshee Grace 462165 Panniculitis and Steatitis Anthony P. Carr 465166 Paraneoplastic Syndromes John Metcalfe Thomason 467167 Patent Ductus Arteriosus Larry P. Tilley 469168 Pectus Excavatum Sharon Fooshee Grace 472169 Pemphigus Foliaceus Sarah O’Neill 474170 Perinephric Pseudocysts Fernanda Vieira Amorim da Costa 477171 Peritonitis, Septic Sharon Fooshee Grace 481172 Plague Sharon Fooshee Grace 485173 Plant Toxicities Karen Lovelace Tofte 487174 Pleural Effusion Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 497175 Pneumothorax Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 500176 Pododermatitis, Plasmacytic Melanie J. Dobromylskyj, Richard Malik, and Gary D. Norsworthy 503177 Polyarthritis, Immune-mediated Christopher J. H. Simpson 506178 Polycystic Kidney Disease Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 509179 Polyuria and Polydipsia John Metcalfe Thomason 512180 Portosystemic Shunts Jonathan A. Lidbury 514181 Pregnancy, Parturition, and Lactation Teija Kaarina Viita-aho 517182 Pulmonary Fibrosis Sharon Fooshee Grace 520183 Pulmonic Stenosis Larry P. Tilley 522184 Pyelonephritis Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 524185 Pyometra and Mucometra Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 527186 Pyothorax Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 530187 Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Toxicosis Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 533188 Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency in Somali and Abyssinian Cats Stella de Faria Valle 534189 Rabies Elizabeth Colleran 536190 Recreational Drug Toxicosis Tatiana Weissova 538191 Rectal Disease Heloisa Justen Moreira de Souza and Katia Barão Corgozinho 542192 Refeeding Syndrome Karen Lovelace Tofte 545193 Renal Disease, Chronic Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 548194 Renal Failure, Acute Sharon Fooshee Grace 551195 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Michael S. Miller and Larry P. Tilley 555196 Retinal Disease Karen R. Brantman 558197 Rodenticide Toxicosis Jennifer Lavallee 562198 Roundworms Jennifer Lavallee 564199 Salmonellosis John Metcalfe Thomason 566200 Sarcomas, Injection Site Sharon Fooshee Grace 568201 Sarcoma, Other John Metcalfe Thomason 571202 Scottish Fold Osteochondrodysplasia Sharon Fooshee Grace 574203 Seizures Sharon Fooshee Grace 576204 Skin Parasites Jason B. Pieper 580205 Small Bowel Disease, Chronic Gary D. Norsworthy 585206 Sporotrichosis Jennifer Lavallee 588207 Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Cutaneous Bradley R. Schmidt 590208 Stomach Worms John Metcalfe Thomason 594209 Stomatitis-Gingivitis Elaine Wexler-Mitchell 596210 Stud Tail Jason B. Pieper 600211 Tail-pull Injuries Sharon Fooshee Grace 601212 Tapeworms Jennifer Lavallee 604213 Temporomandibular Joint Disease Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 606214 Tetanus Sharon Fooshee Grace 610215 Tetralogy of Fallot Larry P. Tilley and Michael S. Miller 613216 Thiamine Deficiency Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 616217 Third Eyelid Diseases Michael C. West and Gwen H. Sila 618218 Thromboembolic Disease Larry P. Tilley 621219 Thymoma Bradley R. Schmidt 625220 Tooth Resorption Jan Bellows 628221 Toxoplasmosis Gary D. Norsworthy and Sharon Fooshee Grace 632222 Tracheal Disease Andrew Sparkes 635223 Triad Disease Anthony P. Carr 639224 Trichobezoars Elaine Wexler-Mitchell 642225 Tritrichomoniasis Jennifer Lavallee 645226 Ureteral Obstruction Rhett Marshall and Marcus Gunew 648227 Urethral Obstruction Rhett Marshall and Marcus Gunew 654228 Urinary Bladder Tumors Bradley R. Schmidt 659229 Urolithiasis Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 662230 Uveitis Michael C. West and Gwen H. Sila 666231 Ventricular Septal Defect Larry P. Tilley 670232 Vestibular Syndrome Elaine Wexler-Mitchell 673233 Viral Dermatitis Jason B. Pieper 675234 Vitamin A Toxicosis Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 678235 Vitamin D Toxicosis Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 680236 Vomiting Jennifer Lavallee 682237 Weight Loss Anthony P. Carr 685238 Zoonotic Diseases Jennifer Lavallee 688Section 2: Behavior239 Aggression, Human Directed Debra F. Horwitz and Amy L. Pike 699240 Aggression, Intercat Debra F. Horwitz and Amy L. Pike 703241 Behavioral Pharmaceuticals Debra F. Horwitz and Amy L. Pike 707242 Environmental Enrichment in the Home Debra F. Horwitz and Amy L. Pike 711243 Environmental Enrichment in the Hospital Gary D. Norsworthy and Linda Schmeltzer 716244 Housesoiling Debra F. Horwitz and Amy L. Pike 719245 Psychogenic Alopecia Debra F. Horwitz and Amy L. Pike 724246 Urine Marking Debra F. Horwitz and Amy L. Pike 728Section 3: Surgery247 Bulla Osteotomy, Ventral Approach Don R. Waldron 733248 Colectomy Don R. Waldron 739249 Corneal Surgery Michael C. West and Gwen H. Sila 744250 Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture Ryan Butler and Mac Maxwell 747251 Cryptorchidism Surgery Ryan Butler and Mac Maxwell 749252 Dental Extraction Techniques Jan Bellows 752253 Esophagostomy Tube Placement Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 756254 Frontal Sinus Obliteration Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 760255 Gastrostomy Tube Placement Don R. Waldron 761256 Hypothermia, Surgical Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 764257 Jejunostomy Tube Placement Don R. Waldron 766258 Laparotomy for Chronic Small Bowel Disease Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 770259 Laser Surgery, CO2 John C. Godbold, Jr. 772260 Lip Avulsion Reattachment Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 775261 Luxating Patella Otto I. Lanz 777262 Mandibular Symphyseal Separation Don R. Waldron 780263 Mastectomy Don R. Waldron 782264 Maxillomandibular Fixation Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 785265 Nasopharyngeal Mass Removal Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 787266 Nephrolith Removal Don R. Waldron 790267 Onychectomy Don R. Waldron 793268 Oronasal Fistula Repair Heloisa Justen Moreira de Souza and Katia Barão Corgozinho 796269 Pain Management Sabine Tacke 803270 Perivulvar Skin Fold Removal Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 807271 Ranula Gary D. Norsworthy 810272 Rhinotomy Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 812273 Skin Flaps, Local Ryan Butler and Mac Maxwell 815274 Thoracostomy Tube Placement Don R. Waldron 819275 Thyroidectomy Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 822276 Total Ear Canal Ablation and Lateral Bulla Osteotomy Don R. Waldron 826277 Urethrostomy, Perineal Don R. Waldron 830278 Urethrostomy, Perineal: Repair Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 834279 Urethrostomy, Prepubic Don R. Waldron 838280 Uretrotomy Don R. Waldron 840281 Urinary Bladder Marsupialization Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 842Section 4: Cytology282 Adenocarcinoma Amy C. Valenciano and Rick L. Cowell 847283 Ascites Kathryn Jacocks 849284 Atypical Bacterial Infections Kathryn Jacocks, Amy C. Valenciano, and Rick L. Cowell 851285 Hepatic Lipidosis Kathryn Jacocks, Amy C. Valenciano, and Rick L. Cowell 853286 Inflammation versus Neoplasia Kathryn Jacocks, Amy C. Valenciano, and Rick L. Cowell 855287 Lymph Node Disease Kathryn Jacocks, Amy C. Valenciano, and Rick L. Cowell 863288 Lymphoma Amy C. Valenciano, Kathryn Jacocks, and Rick L. Cowell 866289 Mast Cell Tumors Amy C. Valenciano, Kathryn Jacocks, and Rick L. Cowell 868290 Plasma Cell Inflammation and Neoplasia Kathryn Jacocks, Amy C. Valenciano, and Rick L. Cowell 870291 Pleural Effusions Amy C. Valenciano, Kathryn Jacocks, and Rick L. Cowell 872292 Sample Staining Amy C. Valenciano, Kathryn Jacocks, and Rick L. Cowell 876293 Sarcoma Amy C. Valenciano, Kathryn Jacocks, and Rick L. Cowell 879294 Systemic Fungal Diseases Kathryn Jacocks, Amy C. Valenciano, and Rick L. Cowell 881295 Transtracheal Wash Hemosiderosis Kathryn Jacocks, Amy C. Valenciano, and Rick L. Cowell 884Section 5: Clinical Procedures296 Blood Gas Analysis Eduardo Raposo Monteiro and Fernanda Vieira Amorim da Costa 889297 Blood Transfusion Sharon Fooshee Grace 892298 Bone Marrow Aspiration John Metcalfe Thomason 895299 Cardiopulmonary Arrest Medora B. Pashmakova 898300 Central Venous Catheter Placement Medora B. Pashmakova and James W. Barr 902301 Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection (Atlanto-Occipital) Sharon Fooshee Grace 905302 Endoscopic Applications Audrey K. Cook 907303 Enteral Nutrition Anthony P. Carr 917304 Euthanasia Elizabeth Colleran 920305 Fine-needle Biopsy John Metcalfe Thomason 924306 Fluid Therapy Sharon Fooshee Grace 926307 Fluid Therapy for Shock Fernanda Vieira Amorim da Costa and Leandro Fadel 930308 Jugular Blood Collection Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 933309 Lymphoma, Chemotherapy Bradley R. Schmidt 935310 Ophthalmic Examination Karen R. Brantman 940311 Orogastric Tube Feeding Gary D. Norsworthy and Anne Romeo 943312 Radioiodine Therapy for Hyperthyroidism Jennifer Lavallee, James K. Olson, and Gary D. Norsworthy 945313 Restraint Techniques and Devices Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 947314 Testing Procedures Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 950Section 6: Topics of Special Interest315 Age Approximation Karen Lovelace Tofte 955316 Aging Changes in Cats Fernanda Vieira Amorim da Costa 958317 Body Surface Area Conversion Gary D. Norsworthy and Lisa M. Restine 961318 Calcitriol in Feline Patients Joao Felipe de Brito Galvao and Dennis J. Chew 962319 Catnip Effects in Cats Sharon Fooshee Grace 967320 Echocardiographic Tables Larry P. Tilley and Francis W.K. Smith, Jr. 968321 Electrocardiographic Tables Larry P. Tilley and Francis W.K. Smith, Jr. 970322 End of Life Issues William Ray Folger 971323 Genetic Diseases Jerold S. Bell 974324 History of Feline-only Practice and Feline Medicine in the United States Gary D. Norsworthy 977325 Normal Laboratory Values Gary D. Norsworthy, Lisa M. Restine, and Anne Romeo 991326 Nutrition Debra L. Zoran 993327 Palliative and Hospice Care Alice E. Villalobos 997328 Polydactylism Sharon Fooshee Grace 1000329 Pulse Wave Analysis Beate Egner 1002330 Purring Sharon Fooshee Grace 1006331 Vibrissae Sharon Fooshee Grace 1008332 Drug Formulary Gary D. Norsworthy, Lisa M. Restine, and Anne Romeo 1010Index 1049