Favela Tours

Thomas Apchain is a tourism specialist and a lecturer and researcher at ESTHUA (University of Angers, France).

• Introduction ixChapter 1 The Invention of the Tourist Favela 11.1 The favela in the imaginary 21.2 The favelas of tourism 71.2.1 The favela, a relative urban category 71.2.2 Tourist favelas: Rocinha, Santa Marta and Vidigal 91.3 The rise of the favela tour, contextual elements 141.3.1 Mega-events and favela tours 151.3.2 Pacification 181.3.3 Tourism and pacification 201.4 History of the favela tours 221.4.1 1992–2008: the pioneers of favela tour success 221.4.2 2008–2016: the rise of the favela tours 25Chapter 2 Visiting the Favela 272.1 A typical excursion with Favela Tour 272.1.1 On the way to the favela 282.1.2 Visiting Rocinha 332.1.3 Stop in Vila Canoas 372.2 Constants and variations of the favela tour model 402.2.1 The common foundation of favela tours 402.2.2 Main variations of the favela tour model 42Chapter 3 Advantages of Tourist Mediation: The Guides of Rocinha 473.1 The guides, a variety of profiles and issues 493.1.1 Marcelo and Roberto, the external companies and the distanced gaze 493.1.2 Zezinho and Tony, the favela from the inside 553.1.3 Obi, Erik and Paolo, the indigenous guides 593.1.4 Alex and the independent guides 613.2 The privilege of mediation 623.2.1 New political intermediaries? 633.2.2 Away from mediation 65Chapter 4 Distinguished Practices, Practices of Distinction 734.1 Criticism and distinction 734.1.1 A valorized practice 744.1.2 A criticized practice 814.1.3 Anti-tourist tourists, between legitimization and criticism 844.1.4 The denial of the tourist setting 854.2 Distinction, the driving force behind tourism in the favelas? 874.2.1 Ritualization and de-ritualization of tourism practices 884.2.2 Distinction in tourism 924.2.3 The legitimate culture of travel 984.2.4 The functioning of the distinction 100Chapter 5 The Authenticity of the Favela 1055.1 The favela and the “real Brazil” 1075.2 Praise of the non-touristic 1095.2.1 A perpetually renewed tourist opening 1095.2.2 The denial of merchants in the favelas 1135.3 The authenticity of poverty 1155.3.1 The spontaneity of the favelas 1155.3.2 A culture of poverty 1205.4 Tourism, slum and poverty 128Chapter 6 From Exoticism to Authenticity 1336.1 Exoticism 1336.1.1 Exoticism, deictics and dialectics 1346.1.2 Movement in space, travel in time 1356.1.3 Exoticism of the end and the end of exoticism 1376.2 Authenticity, a scientific exoticism? 1396.2.1 Anthropology and authenticity 1406.2.2 Uniformity of the world and authenticity 142Chapter 7 The Favela in the Market of Otherness 1457.1 Authenticism and the crisis of otherness 1457.2 Miniature worlds 1477.3 Otherness and tourism, between celebration and domestication 151Chapter 8 Gazes 1578.1 Describing the gazes 1588.2 The interactional norms of the gaze 1618.2.1 Photographs and norms 1628.2.2 From the photograph to the gaze 1648.2.3 The gazed and the gazers 1678.3 The space of the gaze 1718.3.1 The modalities of the gaze 1718.3.2 The danger of the gaze 1738.3.3 Space of the gaze and authenticity 176Chapter 9 Reality and the Tourism Frame 1819.1 Narrative frame and experience 1829.2 The tourism experience frame 1859.2.1 The guide, a professional when it comes to framing 1869.2.2 Framing and reframing 1889.3 Avoidance and exclusion 191Conclusion 195References 199Index 209