Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology

The authorsTerry W. Campbell, DVM, PhD, is an Associate Professor Emeritus of Zoological Medicine at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, CO, USA, and was the Former Head Veterinarian at the Downtown Aquarium in Denver, CO, USA. Krystan R. Grant, DVM, PhD, CertAqV, is the Director of Pet Health at the PetSmart Home Office in Phoenix, AZ, USA.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiiAbout the Companion Website xivScientific Names xvSection I Mammal 11. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Small Mammals 3Blood Sample Collection 3Bone Marrow Collection 15References 172. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Mammals 19Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 19Leukocyte Parameters 21Platelet Parameters 21References 213. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Mammals 23Mammalian Erythrocytes 23Erythrocyte Response to Disease 28Mammalian Leukocytes 32Leukocyte Response to Disease 34Platelets of Mammals 40Hemogram Evaluation of Specific Species 42References 554. Evaluation of Mammalian Bone Marrow 59Mammalian Hematopoiesis 59Mammalian Bone Marrow Responses in Disease 66Bone Marrow Evaluation 67References 675. Mammalian Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 69Case 1: Chinchilla with Dental Disease 69Case 2: Guinea Pig with Gastric Stasis 71Case 3: Hedgehog with Anorexia 73Case 4: Ferret with Lethargy, Inappetence, and Labored Breathing 75Case 5: Ferret with Lethargy and Weakness 79References 826. Sample Collection for Mammalian Cytodiagnosis 83Cytology Sampling and Evaluation Techniques 83Sample Locations 83Preparation for Cytologic Examination 88Sample Collection Techniques 89Sample Preparation and Evaluation 94References 977. Mammalian Cytodiagnosis 99Normal Mammalian Cytology 99Inflammation 110Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia 124Malignant Neoplasia 129Effusions 153Infectious Agents 160References 1688. Mammalian Cytology: Clinical Case Presentations 175Case 1: Hedgehog with Swelling under the Right Forelimb 175Case 2: Dumbo Rat with a Mass on Its Face 175Case 3: Hedgehog with a vaginal mass 178Case 4: Sugar Glider with a Mass in the Left Axilla 179Case 5: Ferret with an Abdominal Mass 181References 184Section II Avian 1859. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Birds 187Blood Sample Collection 187Blood Sample Handling and Preparation 192Bone Marrow Collection 195Preparation of the Bone Marrow Sample 197References 19910. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Birds 200Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 200Leukocyte Parameters 204Thrombocyte Parameters 207Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Marrow Aspirates 207References 20711. Evaluation and Interpretation of Peripheral Blood of Birds 209Avian Erythrocytes 209Factors Affecting the Avian Erythrogram 214Erythrocyte Response to Disease 216Avian Leukocytes 220Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Birds 228Leukocyte Response to Disease 228Avian Thrombocytes 235Avian Blood Parasites 237Bacteremia 244References 24412. Evaluation of Avian Bone Marrow 253Avian Hematopoiesis 253Avian Hematopoietic Tissue other than Bone Marrow 259References 26013. Avian Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 262Case 1: Cockatoo with Lethargy and Anorexia 262Case 2: Swainson’s Hawk with Head Trauma 265Case 3: Pionus Parrot with Weight Loss, Exercise Intolerance, and Sneezing 269Case 4: Conure with Lethargy and Anorexia 273Case 5: Hawk with Dehydration and Emaciation 274References 27814. Sample Collection for Avian Cytodiagnosis 279References 28615. Avian Cytodiagnosis 288Normal Avian Cytology 288Inflammation 298Hyperplasia/Benign neoplasia 315Malignant Neoplasia 319Effusions 332Infectious Agents 338References 35416. Avian Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 365Case 1: Lethargic Parrot 365Case 2: Macaw with Periorbital Swelling 366Case 3: Eagle with Swollen Right Foot 369Case 4: Owl with Oral Lesions 370Case 5: Hawk with Skin Lesions 371References 374Section III Herptile 37517. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Reptiles and Amphibians 377Blood Sample Collection 377Blood Sample Handling and Preparation 387Bone Marrow Collection 388References 38918. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Reptiles and Amphibians 391Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 391Leukocyte Parameters 394Thrombocyte Parameters 397References 39719. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Reptiles 399The Interpretation of the Reptile Hemogram 399Reptile Erythrocytes 399Factors Affecting the Reptile Erythrogram 401Erythrocyte Response to Disease 404Reptile Leukocytes 405Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Reptiles 413Leukocyte Response to Disease 414Reptile Thrombocytes 419Reptile Blood Parasites 420Reptile Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation 425References 428Section IV Fish 52920. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Amphibians 433Amphibian Erythrocytes 433Amphibian Leukocytes 435Amphibian Thrombocytes 439Amphibian Blood Parasites 440Amphibian Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation 440References 44121. Herptile Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 443Case 1: Snake with Nasal Discharge and Mites 443Case 2: Snake with Neurologic Behavior and Skin Nodules 445Case 3: Comparison of two chelonian respiratory cases 448Case 4: Case Series of Chelonian Dystocia and Follicular Stasis 454Case 5: Lizard with Limb Lameness, Lethargy, and Anorexia 463References 46522. Sample Collection for Herptile Cytodiagnosis 466Sample Locations 466References 46923. Herptile Cytodiagnosis 470Normal Cytology 470Inflammation 475Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia 488Malignant Neoplasia 489Effusions 498Infectious Agents 500References 51124. Herptile Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 518Case 1: Snake with a Bulging Right Eye 518Case 2: Lizard with Lethargy and Neurologic Disorder 521Case 3: Lizard with Skin Lesion 524Case 4: Thin Snake with Swollen Mouth 524Case 5: Snake with Diarrhea 527References 52825. Blood Sample Collection and Preparation in Fish 531Blood Sample Collection 531Blood Sampling Handling and Preparation 537References 53926. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Fish 541Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 541Leukocyte Parameters 545Thrombocyte Parameters 546Whole Blood Preservatives 547References 54727. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Fish 549Fish Erythrocytes 549Factors Affecting the Piscine Erythrogram 552Erythrocyte Response to Disease 554Fish Leukocytes 556Variations in the Leukogram of Fish 565Fish Thrombocytes and Hemostasis 567Fish Blood Parasites 569Viral Inclusions 570References 57128. Piscine Hematopoiesis 575References 57629. Piscine Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 578Case 1: Nurse Shark with Excessive Gilling 578Case 2: Reticulated Stingray with Bite Wounds 581Case 3: Southern Stingray with Anorexia 582Case 4: Knifefish with Tail Wound 586Case 5: Toadfish Found Abnormally Floating 586References 59130. Sample Collection for Wet Mounts and Cytodiagnosis in Fish 593Sampling Techniques for Wet Mounts 593Sampling Techniques for Cytodiagnosis 596References 59931. Wet- Mount Microscopy in Fish 600Sample Evaluation 600Nonparasitic Pathogens 603Cutaneous Fish Parasites 605Nonpathogenic Organisms 618References 61932. Wet- Mount Microscopy in Fish: Clinical Case Presentations 622Case 1: Tiger Barb with Skin and Behavior Changes 622Case 2: Newly Arrived Goldfish 622Case 3: Cichlid with a Missing Eye 624Case 4: Catfish with Rapid Breathing and Lethargy 625Case 5: Damselfish with Skin Lesions and Behavior Changes 62533. Piscine Cytodiagnosis 627Skin 627Calcinosis Circumscripta 630Fecal Cytology 630Mycobacteriosis 630Saprolegniasis 631Thyroid 631Hepatic Lipidosis 631Neoplasia 631Effusions 635Parasites 636Sample Contamination 636References 63734. Piscine Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 639Case 1: Shark with Cutaneous Nodules 639Case 2: Trout with a Mass on Mandible 640Case 3: Seahorse with Possible Gas Bubble Disease 643Case 4: Carp with Swollen Operculum 644Case 5: Perch with Mass on Left Gill 645References 647Appendices 648A. Stains and Solutions Used in Hematology and Cytology 648Acid- Fast Stain 648Gram’s Stain 648Macchiavello’s Stain 649Modified Giménez Stain 649New Methylene Blue Stain 650Standard Natt and Herrick’s Solution and Stain 650Elasmobranch- Modified Natt and Herrick’s Solution and Stain 651Quick or Stat Stains 651Sudan III and Sudan IV Stains 652Wright–Giemsa Stain 652B. Hematologic Values 653C. Plate Captions 663Mammal Plates 663Avian Plates 665Herptile Plates 668Piscine Plates 676D. Common Artifacts Found in Blood Film and Cytologic Samples 681Artifacts Associated with Contamination of the Sample 681Artifacts Associated with Poor Sample Preparation 683Index 686

Overall, I would highly recommend Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology join any veterinary professional’s physical or digital bookshelf whether you are utilizing it for day-to-day case management in private practice or a zoological institution or as a referral clinical pathologist. The book is easy to navigate, easy to read, and holds hundreds of stellar reference images. It is a great continuing education tool to empower technicians and mentor students. Even if you have never evaluated guinea pig, cockatiel, or bearded dragon blood, or think Zymbol’s gland is an obscure name for a musical artist, this book will succeed in narrow- ing down differential diagnoses and elevating patient care.Reviewed in Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 2024:51:32 by Joanna K. WebbThe content in this book is extremely well referenced, lending it to be a comprehensive reference on exotic animal hematology and cytology, focusing specifically on species of small mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish commonly encountered in exotic pet practice. It is a valuable resource for those engaged in exotic animal practice, particularly when in-house laboratory testing is routinely performed....Furthermore, in addition to being a valuable source for challenging hematologic and cytologic cases, and a useful teaching tool, it also serves as an atlas, making it a valuable “scope-side” book in a diagnostic laboratory. Reviewed in Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2023:52:369-370 by Yolandi Rautenbach