Evolution of Automotive Technology

A Handbook

Inbunden, Engelska, 2023

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The idea of "understanding the present through its history" is based on two insights. First, it helps to know where a technology comes from: what were its predecessors, how did they evolve as a result of the continuous efforts to solve theoretical and practical problems, who were crucial in their emergence, and which cultural differences made them develop into divergent families of artifacts? Second, and closely related to the first insight, how does a certain technology or system fit into its societal context, its culture of mobility, its engineering culture, its culture of car driving, its alternatives, its opponents? Only thus, by studying its prehistory and its socio-cultural context, can we acquire a true 'grasp' of a technology.The Evolution of Automotive Technology: A Handbook, Second Edition covers one and a quarter century of the automobile, conceived as a cultural history of its technology, aimed at engineering students and all those who wish to have a concise introduction into the basics of automotive technology and its long-term development.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2023-05-19
Mått152 x 229 x 28 mm
Vikt699 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor360
Upplaga2
FörlagSAE International
ISBN9781468605969

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Preface to the Second Edition xvPreface xviiChapter 1The Evolution of Automotive Technology 11.1. Introduction: Why This Book, and How? 11.2. Structure and System 2Structure 2System 31.3. A Quasi-Evolutionary Approach 4Incremental and Radical Change 5Normal Change 61.4. The Dual Nature of Technology 8Substitution and Coexistence 8Taxonomies and Types 10Affordance 111.5. One and a Quarter Century of Cars 121.6. Conclusions 14References 14Part I : StructureChapter 2The Engine: Mixture Formation 192.1. Introduction: Finding the Car's Basic Layout 19Panhard System and Front Wheel Drive 202.2. Constructing a Taxonomy of Engines 21American versus European Car Culture: Elasticity and Torque Rise 23Torque and Power Curve 23Pluto Effect and Sailing Ship Effect 25Fuel Consumption Graph 26Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Team], Monday, June 05, 2023viii Contents2.3. Making the Engine Work 272.4. Carburation: Constructing the Mixture 32Carburation: Evaporation versus Atomization 33A Typical Early Automotive Engineer: Arthur Krebs 34Complexifying the Carburetor 37Constant Venturi versus Constant Vacuum Carburetors 38Carburetors versus Injection Systems 402.5. Conclusions 40References 41Chapter 3The Engine: Ignition 453.1. Introduction: Regulating the Engine from Its IndustrialApplication 45Flame versus Incandescent Ignition 453.2. Robert Bosch and the Magneto Ignition 47A Second Typical Car Engineer: Robert Bosch 50Ignition Timing 523.3. Charles Kettering and the Systemic Approach of TechnicalProblems 53A Typical American Car Engineer 54Kettering's Starter-Generator as System 553.4. Struggle of the Systems: Constructing Both a Winner andHis Story 57Spark Plugs 58Magneto versus Battery Ignition 59Germany versus USA and the First World War 60Technical Competition and the Pluto Effect 62Constructing the Ignition "Story" 633.5. Conclusions 64References 64Chapter 4The Drivetrain: How to Get the Energy from theEngine to the Wheels 674.1. Introduction: Shaping the Drivetrain Configuration 67Pre-automotive Developments 68Translation and Transformation of Functions 69Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Team], Monday, June 05, 2023ixContents4.2. From Belts and Chains to Prop Shafts (and Belts and Chains) 69Belts 70Chains versus Prop Shafts 71Torque Tube versus Hotchkiss Drive 714.3. The Clutch: Substitution and Coexistence 72Emergence of the Dry Single-Disc Clutch 75A Trend of Automation 764.4. The Final Drive: A Feast of Gearwheel Designs 78Emergence of the Hypoid Pinion Drive 794.5. Universal Joints, Front-Wheel Drive, and theReconfiguration of the Drivetrain 81Jean Albert Grégoire 81Bendix-Weiss, Rzeppa, and Delta Joints 834.6. Conclusions 84References 85Chapter 5The Drivetrain: Multiplying Energy,De-Multiplying Speed 895.1. Introduction: Costs and Cheapness 895.2. The Transmission: How toCircumvent Gear Shifting 90The Problem of Noise Production 91Early CVTs 945.3. The Automatic Transmission: Diverging Car Cultures 97The "Transmissionless" Ideal 995.4. Transmission Manufacturers and Automotive Production 100Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen and Borg-Warner 101European Refusal to Automate 101Manual versus Automatic 1035.5. Conclusions: Expectations and the Distant User 104References 105Chapter 6The Chassis: Getting Around the Corner 1096.1. Introduction: Pre-Car Developments 109Wheels and Brakes 110Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Team], Monday, June 05, 2023x ContentsSuspension 111Steering 1126.2. Constructing the Automotive Chassis 113Two Schools of Early Car Design 1136.3. Steering: Keep It Simple, Be Precise 115Rack-and-Pinion Steering 1186.4. Steering the Car, Theorizing Dynamic Behavior 119Oversteer and Understeer 120Scientification: Steering Error 1206.5. Conclusions 122References 123Chapter 7Wheel Suspension: Who Will Absorb the Shocks? 1257.1. Introduction: The Suspension as System 125Co-development 1287.2. How to Guide the Wheels? Big Problems, Many Solutions 128Independent Wheel Suspension 130Springs and Dampers 1327.3. Who Should Absorb the Shocks? Defining the Role of Tires 135Elastic Wheels and Balloon Tires 136Tread Profiles and Materials 138The Radial Revolution 1407.4. Conclusions 143References 144Chapter 8Stopping the Car: How to Generate andDistribute Braking Energy 1478.1. Introduction: Braking Levels Within the Car Structure 1478.2. The Braking System: How to Distribute Braking Energyover the Wheels 149Mechanical Brake Actuation 150Mechanical versus Hydraulic Brake Actuation 1528.3. Drums and Discs: Substitution and Coexistence 153Power Braking 154Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Team], Monday, June 05, 2023xiContentsThe Disc Brake Revolution, Interrupted 155Mechanical ABS 1578.4. Conclusions 158References 160Part II: SystemChapter 9Automation: Driver Deskilling and the"Electronic Revolution" 1639.1. Introduction: Trends in Automotive Technology 163Automation and Electronization 165Driving Skills 1669.2. Postwar Automation, an Electronic Revolution? 168Three Generations of Electronization 168The Failure of the Electronic Carburetor 170Siemens Automotive as Newcomer 172A Crisis of Electronization 1729.3. The Lay Motorist and the Navigation Revolution 175The Fourth Generation of Electronization 176Three Generations of Navigation Systems 1779.4. Conclusions 178References 178Chapter 1 0Safety: From Shell to Capsule to Cocoon, fromDanger to Risk 18110.1. Introduction: Closing theAutomotive Body 181From Open to Closed Bodies 18210.2. "Control the Lunatic!" The Hunt for the "Accident-Prone"Motorist 183The Choice in Favor of "Order" 185Road Accident Statistics 186Inventing the "Death Rate" 18710.3. Protecting the Motorists: Active and Passive Safety 189Safety Research 190Safety Legislation and Regulation 192Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Team], Monday, June 05, 2023xii Contents10.4. Antilock Braking ABS 19410.5. Conclusions 197References 198Chapter 1 1Environment: Discovering the Other 20311.1. Introduction: Inventing the Environment 203Health Aspects of Early Automobilism 20411.2. Engineering Car Noise While Closing the Body: LiberatingVision from Sensual Interference 205Sound and Comfort Engineering 205Eliminate Sound to Enhance Vision 20711.3. The Diesel Car as Remedy: Car Cultures and thePerception of Technology 209A Crisis in Car Engineering 209Emission Regulation 210The Diesel Engine as Alternative 212The Social Construction of Car Technology 21411.4. Lean-Burn versus Catalyst: The Struggle for a Clean Car 215Lean Burn 216Technology Forcing and the Victory of the Catalyst 217The Catalyst as Part of a Standardized World System 218A European Turn-around, and an American 22011.5. Conclusions 222References 222Chapter 1 2Scientification: The Co-evolution ofEngineering Knowledge 22712.1. Introduction: How Do Engineers Know? 22712.2. Rudolf Diesel: Failure or Success? 229Mimicking Carnot 229Trying to Develop an Automotive Diesel Engine 23112.3. Team Work in Laboratories:Scientification of Car Dynamics 232Wunibald Kamm and Car Dynamics 234Translating Aeronautics to Automotive Technology 236Charles Kettering and General Motors Research 236Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Team], Monday, June 05, 2023xiiiContentsEngine Knock 237The Marketing of TEL 239Kettering and Science 242Research on Comfort 24212.4. Constructing the State of the Art: Conferences, Education,and Books 244The Importance of Expectations 244Handbooks 246Deep Trends 246FISITA 24712.5. Conclusions 248References 249Chapter 1 3Decarbonization: Searching for RadicalAlternatives 25513.1. Introduction: The Importance of Expectations 25513.2. The End of Oil! In the Early 1920s! 256Alcohol as Alternative Fuel 256Developing Countries 25813.3. The Promise of the Electric Vehicle: A Perpetual Car ofTomorrow? 258The Failure of the First Generation 259The Successful Second Generation 261The Third Generation 263A Fourth Generation? 263The Hunt for the "Miracle Battery" 265The Hybrid as Transition Vehicle 26613.4. Conclusion 267References 268Chapter 1 4Innovation: Production, Diffusion, Use 27314.1. Introduction: How to Construct Trends? 27314.2. Diffusion 274The Logistic Curve 276Spatial Diffusion 280Downloaded from SAE International by SAE International [Sales Team], Monday, June 05, 2023xiv Contents14.3. Production 281Fordism and Taylorism versus Sloanism 282Toyotism 28414.4. Use 28614.5. Conclusions 288References 289Chapter 1 5World Mobility: Shifting the Focus 29315.1. Introduction: The West and the Rest 29315.2. Road versus Rail: Clashing Mobility Cultures 294"Serious" versus Pleasurable Mobility 296A City Crisis 29615.3. Global Urban Mobility: The Case of the Rickshaw 297Mobility and Poverty 29915.4. Conclusion: The Rest and the West 302The Car as an Urban Problem 303Western versus Eastern Modal Splits 304References 306Chapter 1 6Conclusions 309Persuasive Technologies 310Understanding the Evolution of the Car 311Interdisciplinarity 313The Super-Archetype of the Car 313The Pluto Effect, One Last Time 316References 317Bibliography 319Index 335About the Author 339