Ethics in Social Networking and Business 2

Pierre MASSOTTE, Pr. HDr.Ing., has long worked for IBM in Quality then Advanced Technologies (AoT), then as scientific director in EMEA Manufacturing, to improve European Manufacturing plants and Development Laboratories competitivity. Lately, he joined "Ecole des Mines d'Alès" as Deputy Director within the Nîmes EMA Laboratory. His research and development topics are related to complexity, self-organization, and issues on business competitiveness and sustainability in global companies. He is the co-author of several books in production systems management. He is now involved, as senior consultant, in various 'inclusive society' projects.

• Foreword xiiiList of Acronyms xviiIntroduction xxiChapter 1 Evolution and Impact of Advanced Technologies on Humankind and Business 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Evolution of technologies 21.2.1 A challenge 51.3 The United Nations: concerns and recommendations 71.4 Evolution of production systems 101.4.1 Question: Innovation and usefulness 111.4.2 Question: Anticipation 121.4.3 Toward personification 131.5 Emergence of nanotechnologies 161.5.1 Characteristics of nanotechnologies 161.5.2 A paradigm change 171.5.3 Perspectives, prospective and comments 191.5.4 Questions of ethics: a new way of thinking 201.6 Development of biotechnologies 211.7 3D printing and the future of manufacturing 231.7.1 Impacts of innovation 231.7.2 Some applications of 3D printing 241.7.3 Basic questions of ethics 261.7.4 How to fulfill ethics with 3D printing? 271.8 The future: wedding of transdisciplinary technologies 291.9 New opportunities: precision and sustainability 301.9.1 Bio-wasting 311.9.2 Importance of the precision process 321.9.3 Application: oenology of “precision” and the sustainability 341.10 The current digitization strategy 351.11 Robotics, how and for which purpose? 371.12 Cognitive sciences, cognitivism 381.12.1 Weak artificial intelligence 391.12.2 Strong artificial intelligence 391.12.3 False artificial intelligence 411.13 NBIC: innovation business models 411.13.1 Vertical integration of the technological innovations 411.13.2 Horizontal integration of the technological innovations 421.13.3 Organization: the new business model 431.13.4 “Data is centric” 451.14 How to link ethics and innovation 481.14.1 Introduction 481.14.2 Some practices in innovation 491.14.3 Ethical frameworks for innovation 511.14.4 Conclusion on ethics and innovation 531.15 Conclusion 54Chapter 2 Ethics and Transhumanism: Control using Robotics and Artificial Intelligence 572.1 Introduction to transhumanism 572.2 Ethics, robotics and artificial intelligence 582.2.1 Differences between computer, human brain, artificial intelligence and thinking 582.2.2 We cannot predict the future, as we are living in a complex system 602.2.3 People who fear risks are predicting reproducible robots 642.2.4 Ethics: why scientists are so worried 642.2.5 Ethics and safeguards in business 662.3 Ethics and robotics 672.3.1 Introduction 672.3.2 Some characteristics about the weapons sciences: intelligent robots and wars 682.4 Artilects 712.5 The world: a hybrid planet with robotics and living species 722.5.1 Application of the cobots 732.5.2 From the drone to the autonomous car 742.5.3 A necessary adaptation 762.6 Ethics and the elementary rules of Asimov in robotics 772.6.1 Ethics and sustainability 782.6.2 General comments 782.7 Conclusions and perspectives: the problems that could arise from robotics 79Chapter 3 Ethics and the New Business and Labor Organizations 813.1 Preamble 813.2 The context: new BDIs of the population, new opportunities 833.3 Major changes in the shared and collaborative economy 843.4 Concepts: some definitions and recollections 853.4.1 The WTS is a modern market organization 853.4.2 Web-to-Virtual Store 863.4.3 Characteristics of the new ways of working 903.5 Key factors of the new economic models 913.5.1 Networking and the uberization of operations 923.5.2 Positive and negative impacts of uberization? 943.5.3 The problem of consumer–producer and producer–consumer 953.5.4 Underlying mechanisms: differences with the present economic systems 963.5.5 A social hypocrisy? 983.6 The P2P management rules 993.6.1 Ethics, liberalism and autonomy 1003.7 Assignments of means and resources 1013.8 Uber: a resources allocation problem 1023.8.1 Ethics 1033.8.2 Simplexification 1043.8.3 Complexification: influence of the cognitive approaches 1043.9 Business ethics: a resources allocation problem 1063.9.1 Business ethics and goods assignment 1073.9.2 Modeling ethics with utility theory 1083.10 Ethics in the business: more perspectives 1103.11 Ethics in Web-to-Virtual Store applications 1113.11.1 Introduction 1113.11.2 Ethics in the new transportation and moving opportunities 1123.11.3 Four other ways Uber is ethically challenged 1143.12 GIG economy: are the workers at Uber and Lyft happy? 1163.13 The real price of innovation 1183.13.1 Digitization 1193.14 Conclusion 120Chapter 4 Ethics and Social Networking 1214.1 Preamble 1214.2 Introduction: social networking 1224.2.1 Main characteristics of social innovation 1234.2.2 Consequences 1254.3 Some basic social definitions and principles 1274.3.1 Inclusion: the main principle of social networks 1284.3.2 Inclusiveness and virtues 1294.3.3 Principles of emergence 1304.4 Emergence and reverse engineering 1314.4.1 The paradigm change: principle of circularity 1334.5 Moving beyond technology-based solutions to complexity 1344.5.1 Changing our ways of thinking 1344.5.2 Changing the operational context 1354.5.3 Toward a new toolkit 1384.5.4 Consequences 1404.6 How to link ethics and social innovation 1414.6.1 Introduction 1414.6.2 Some practices in innovation 1414.7 Ethical frameworks for innovation 1444.7.1 Utilitarianism: the greatest good for the greatest number 1444.7.2 Rights: an individual’s rights should not be violated 1454.7.3 Enterprise: personal involvements 1454.7.4 Conclusions 1464.8 Collaboration and cooperation 1474.8.1 Evolution: the development of cooperation and collaboration 1474.8.2 Definitions of collaboration and cooperation 1484.8.3 Main characteristics of collaboration and cooperation 1484.8.4 Differences between cooperation and collaboration approaches 1494.9 Comparison of the different modes of management 1504.9.1 Implementation of the different modes of management 1524.9.2 Required quality properties for an optimal management of “collective systems” 1544.9.3 Methodologies and learning in cooperation–collaboration-based systems 1554.9.4 Some specificities and ethical concerns 1564.10 Ethics and mimicry: a natural approach to social networking 1574.10.1 Artificial life and collective thinking science 1594.10.2 Application: role of feedbacks in mimicry and ascendancy over the others 1594.11 Conclusion 160Chapter 5 Ethics: Misuses and Whistleblowing in Big Data and the Web 1635.1 Introduction 1635.2 Some statistics 1645.3 Problematic situation 1655.3.1 Data privacy and social networking 1655.3.2 The root causes of data breach 1675.3.3 The GDPR 1685.3.4 Where did ethics begin, and is there good or bad ethics? 1705.4 Accelerating factors 1715.4.1 Consequences 1735.5 Whistleblowing 1745.5.1 Definition of a whistleblower 1755.5.2 Two types of whistleblowing – same ethics? 1765.5.3 Notions of ethics in the case of whistleblowing 1775.5.4 Public support is growing for whistleblowers 1785.6 Business ethics: elements of methodology and implementation 1795.6.1 How to discuss new ethical issues in business? 1815.7 Whistleblower policies and corporate governance 1825.7.1 Lack of the above processes will erode ethics 1845.7.2 Benefits of whistleblower policies and procedures 1845.8 Conclusion 1855.8.1 Useful links and further information 186Chapter 6 The Underlying Mechanisms to Improve Ethics: Virtues, Laws and Cultures 1876.1 Introduction 1876.2 Examples of unethical behavior in the economy 1896.2.1 Example 1: the climate, a common idea of “catastrophism” 1896.2.2 Example 2: ethics and scientific advances 1906.2.3 Example 3: ethics, risks and uncertainties in the economy 1916.3 An exclusive or inclusive society: ethics and social relationships 1946.3.1 Example 4: social relationships and the “inclusive society” 1956.3.2 The challenge of aging in a company or in our society: proper ethics? 1986.4 Better ethics? Some constitutive elements 2016.4.1 Ethics and virtues: a reminder 2016.4.2 Ethics, virtue and corporate culture in a company 2046.5 Ethics and Christian culture 2046.6 Ethics and the evaluation of a corporate culture: application to IBM 2066.6.1 Consequence and aggregation of the concepts of ethics 2096.6.2 Elements involved in a corporate ethics 2096.7 Ethics and the Rotary culture 210Chapter 7 Uses of Ethics: Between Virtue, Humanism and Illiteracy 2137.1 Ethics: an attitude between responsibility and conviction 2137.1.1 A reminder: evolution and the role of antagonisms 2137.1.2 Notions of responsibility and conviction in ethics 2137.2 Ethics: between the exact requirements and the intents of the letter and spirit of the law 2147.2.1 Introduction 2147.2.2 The letter and the spirit of the law 2157.2.3 Ethics is not an ideology 2197.2.4 Ethics: illiteracy, education and learning 2207.2.5 The global situation of education and training in France 220Chapter 8 Ethics, Temporality and Spirituality 2278.1 Introduction: problematics 2278.2 Truth: general characteristics of ethics and morals 2288.3 Ethics and morale 2318.3.1 Ethics: an open door to transcendence 2328.3.2 Morality as a limited concept in the content of a law 2328.3.3 Is there a divergence or contradiction between morale and ethics? 2338.4 Ethics and spirituality 2338.5 Application: ethics and bioethics 2358.6 Ethics, spirituality, identity and religion 2358.7 Synthesis: hierarchy of ethics concepts 2388.8 Spirituality out of the religion framework 2408.9 Beyond ethics: the contribution of religious fact to excluded people 2408.10 Conclusion 241Chapter 9 Ethics: Perspectives and the Future 2439.1 Introduction 2439.2 The crisis is still here 2449.3 Post-modernism in detail: the story never ends 2469.4 Consequences: worldwide governance and hyper-democracies 2479.4.1 Application to a global governance 2489.4.2 Ethics and worldwide governance 2499.4.3 Evolution of hyper-collectivities or communities: impact on ethics 2499.5 Business ethics: new trends and perspective 2499.6 Ethics of consideration: a new concept 2519.6.1 The problem 2519.6.2 Generalization 2529.7 Toward a more Sustainable Ethics 2549.8 Ethics: evaluation and measurement 2569.9 A future vision of networking and Business Ethics 2589.10 Main conclusions 2619.10.1 Ethics: difficulties and limits of present approaches Toward which future? 2629.10.2 Some comments 263Bibliography 265Index 275