Essentials of Environmental Engineering

Frank R. Spellman, PhD, is a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, and the author of more than 100 books covering topics ranging from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to all areas of environmental science and occupational health. Many of his texts are readily available online, and several have been adopted for classroom use at major universities throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, and Russia; two have been translated into Spanish for South American marketsHe holds a BA in public administration, a BS in business management, an MBA, and an MS and PhD in environmental engineering.

• Preface xiNote to the Reader: Pardon My Redundancy, Please! 1 Setting the Stage What Is Environment? 1Environmental Equilibrium and the Fly in the Ointment 2Pollution Defined 3Key Terms 3Pollution: Effects Easy to See, Feel, Taste, or Smell 14Unexpected Pollution 15Pollution and Environmental Engineering 15Thought-Provoking Questions 16References and Recommended Reading 172 Air Pollution 19Definition of Key Terms 19Definitions 19Atmospheric Krypton 21Krypton: Physical Properties 21Krypton: Uses 21Atmospheric Xenon 21Xenon: Physical Properties 21Xenon: Uses 21Atmospheric Hydrogen 21Hydrogen: Physical Properties 22Atmospheric Water 22Atmospheric Particulate Matter 22Boyle’s Law 23Charles’s Law 24Ideal Gas Law 24Gas Conversions 25Major Constituents 25Both Major and Minor Constituents 26Gas Velocity 26Gas Stream Treatment (Residence) Time 26Gas Density 26Heat Capacity and Enthalpy 27Heat and Energy in the Atmosphere 27Adiabatic Lapse Rate 27Viscosity 28Flow Characteristics 28Surface Area and Volume 29Aerodynamic Diameter 30Particle Size Categories 30Size Distribution 32Particle Formation 32Air Pollution Mechanics 33Atmospheric Dispersion, Transportation and Deposition (EPA 2005) 34Weather 35Turbulence 35Air Parcels 36Buoyancy Factors 36Lapse Rates 36Mixing 37Topography 37Inversions 38Plume Behavior 38Plume Rise Equation 39Transport 39Dispersion Models 39Air Pollution Control Technology 41Air Pollution Control: Choices 41Air Pollution Control Equipment and Systems 42Removal of Dry Particulate Matter 43Removal of Gaseous Pollutants: Stationary Sources 45References and Recommended Reading 493Water Pollution 53Surface Water 53Lakes—Rivers and Streams—Estuaries—Wetlands 53Surface Water Pollutants 54Emerging Contaminants 55Endocrine Disruptors 57Biological Effects 58Reproductive Effects 61Neurological Effects 61Immunological Effects 62PPCPs 64Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 66Wastewater Treatment and PPCPs 72Landfills 74Drinking Water 75Domestic Animals 75Drug Classes and Environmental Occurrences 75Personal Care Products in the Environment 82Illicit Drugs in Wastewater 86Surface Water Pollution: The Impact 87Groundwater 87Groundwater Uses and Sources 88Wetlands 90Water Treatment 91Purpose of Water Treatment 91Stages of Water Treatment 92Iron and Manganese Removal Techniques 97Hardness Treatment 98Corrosion 100Corrosion Control 101Coagulation 103Flocculation 105Sedimentation 105Filtration 105Types of Filter Technologies 106Filtration and Compliance with Turbidity Requirements 108Additional Compliance Issues 109Variances and Exemptions 112Disinfection 112Need for Disinfection in Water Treatment 113Pathogens of Primary Concern 114Recent Waterborne Disease Outbreaks 114Mechanism of Pathogen Inactivation 116Other Uses of Disinfectants in Water Treatment 116Types of Disinfection Byproducts and Disinfection Residuals 119Disinfection Byproduct Formation 120DBP Control Strategies 122Disinfection Strategy Selection 124CT Factor 124Disinfectant Residual Regulatory Requirements 124Summary of Current National Disinfection Practices 125Chlorination 126Measuring Chlorine Residual 135Pathogen Inactivation and Disinfection Efficacy 135Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) 137Alternative Technologies 137Iron Filings 139Photooxidation 139Wastewater Treatment 139The Wastewater Treatment Model 140Wastewater Terminology and Definitions 141Measuring Plant Performance 143Plant Performance and Efficiency 143Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludge 144Hydraulic Detention Time 144Hydraulic Detention Time in Days 144Hydraulic Detention Time in Hours 144Hydraulic Detention Time in Minutes 145Wasterwater Sources and Characteristics 145Wastewater Sources 145Classification of Wastewater 146Wastewater Characteristics 146Wastewater Collection Systems 148Gravity Collection System 148Force Main Collection System 148Vacuum System 148Pumping Stations 148Preliminary Wastewater Treatment 149Screening 150Shredding 152Grit Removal 152Preaeration 155Chemical Addition 155Equalization 155Primary Wastewater Treatment (Sedimentation) 156Types of Sedimentation Tanks 157Sedimentation Calculations 157Effluent from Settling Tanks 159Secondary Treatment 160Treatment Ponds 160Trickling Filters 170Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) 177Activated Sludge 180Activated Sludge Terminology 180Activated Sludge Process 182Factors Affecting Operation of the Activated Sludge Process 183Microorganism Growth Curve 183Activated Sludge Formation 184Activated Sludge Modifications 185Activated Sludge Process Control Parameters 190Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids, and MixedLiquor Total Suspended Solids 191Disinfection of Wastewater 191Chlorine Disinfection 192Wastewater Chlorination Process Description 193Ultraviolet Irradiation 196Ozone 198Bromine Chloride 199No Disinfection 199References and Recommended Reading 1994 Soil Quality 213Introduction 214Soil Properties 216Soil Formation 217Soil Fertility 218Soil Pollution 218Gaseous and Airborne Pollutants 219Infiltration of Contaminated Surface Water 220Land Disposal of Solid and Liquid Waste Materials 220Stockpiles, Tailings, and Spoils 220Dumps 220Salt-Spreading on Roads 221Animal Feedlots 221Fertilizers and Pesticides 221Accidental Spills 221Composting of Leaves and Other Wastes 222Industrial Practices and Soil Contamination 222References and Recommended Reading 2245Solid and Hazardous Waste 227Solid Waste Characteristics 228What Is a Hazardous Substance? 229Hazardous Materials 230Hazardous Substances 230Extremely Hazardous Substances 230Toxic Chemicals 230Hazardous Wastes 230Hazardous Chemicals 231What Is a Hazardous Waste? 231EPA Lists of Hazardous Wastes 231Where Do Hazardous Wastes Come From? 232Hazardous Waste Legislation 232Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 233CERCLA 233Waste Control Technology 234Waste Minimalization 234Steps to Recycling Materials 235Treatment Technologies 236Biological Treatment 236Thermal Processes 237Activated Carbon Sorption 237Electrolytic Recovery Techniques 238Air Stripping 238Stabilization and Solidification 238Filtration and Separation 238Ultimate Disposal 238Deep-Well Injection 239Surface Impoundments 239Waste Piles 240Landfilling 240Solid/Hazardous Waste Practice Problems 241References and Recommended Reading 242Index