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ESSENTIAL MANUAL OF 24-HOUR BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT Hypertension is one of the greatest threats to human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension. In 2017, new guidelines for managing hypertension were published by the American Hypertension Association (AHA), guidelines which lowered the diagnosis thresholds of hypertension, and thereby increased the prevalence of hypertension. As such, hypertension is now recognized as a more serious and widespread a condition than ever before. In this new edition of the Essential Manual of 24-Hour Blood Pressure Management, the author emphasizes that lowering the blood pressure (BP) and restoring the BP profile with adequate circadian rhythm is essential for a long life without cardiovascular events. The author also introduces updated evidence for managing hypertension throughout 24-hour periods, from morning to nocturnal hypertension. The Essential Manual of 24-Hour Blood Pressure Management, Second Edition, will be an essential companion for doctors who wish to provide evidence-based medicine and be familiar with the most cutting edge technology on monitoring BP. Medical researchers and students will also value the author’s many insights, drawn from his distinguished career.
About the AuthorDr Kazuomi Kario, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FESC graduated from Jichi Medical School in 1986. He is currently Professor and Chairman of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.
Author biography, xiPreface – Direction to “Perfect 24-hour Blood Pressure Control”, xvAcknowledgments, xix1 Evidence and scientific rationale for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), 1Diurnal BP variation and the concept of “perfect 24-hour BP control”, 1Nocturnal hypertension and nocturnal BP dipping status, 3Nocturnal BP dipping status, 3Non-dipper patterns of BP and pulse rate, 3Riser pattern of BP and cardiovascular disease risk, 4Riser pattern and HF, 7Riser pattern and brain damage, 15Nocturnal hypertension, 17Associated Conditions and Mechanisms of Nocturnal Hypertension, 20Mechanism of cardiovascular risk of nocturnal hypertension, 22Extreme dipping, 24Morning surge in BP, 27Definition of MBPS, 33Morning BP surge and cardiovascular disease, 34Morning BP surge and organ damage, 37Determinants of MBPS, 43Mechanism of morning risk, 44Morning BP surge and hemostatic abnormalities, 46Vascular mechanism of exaggerated morning BP surge, 49BP Variability and systemic hemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome (SHATS), 52The resonance hypothesis of BP surge, 53Orthostatic hypertension, 54Ambulatory BP variability, 57Visit-to-visit variability in office BP, 58Vicious cycle between BP variability and vascular disease—SHATS, 59White-coat and masked hypertension, 71White-coat hypertension, 73Masked hypertension, 75Advances in ABPM, 75Development of information and communication technology-based multi-sensor (IMS)-ABPM, 75New ABPM indices, 77HI-JAMP registry, 822 Scientific rationale for HBPM, 85Five prospective, general practitioner-based, home BP studies, 85Morning hypertension, 85Control status of morning home BP in the J-HOP study, 88Evidence for morning hypertension control, 89Home BP variability, 99Morning–evening difference (ME-dif), 99SD, CV, ARV, and VIM of home BP, 101Maximum home SBP, 103Orthostatic Home BP Change, 103Seasonal variation of home BP and “thermosensitive hypertension”, 109Alcohol, 113Daytime hypertension (stress hypertension), 115Nighttime HBPM, 115Cutting-edge of HBPM, 115Basic nighttime home BP monitoring (Medinote), 119Clinical evidence using nocturnal HBPM: J-HOP nocturnal BP study, 119Trigger nighttime BP monitoring, 127IT-based trigger nighttime BP monitoring system and the SPREAD study, 133CPAP adherence and nighttime BP surge, 135Antihypertensive medication on nighttime BP surge, 139Wrist home HBPM and WISDOM Night study, 1453 Practical use of ABPM and HBPM, 147Concept and positioning of ABPM and HBPM in guidelines, 147Recent guidelines, 147Diagnosis of masked and white-coat hypertension, 147Definition of morning hypertension, 148Definition of nocturnal hypertension, 150When to use HBPM and ABPM, 150Clinically suspected SHATS, 152Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), 154Coupling study, 154How to measure home BP, 155Nighttime home BP measurement schedule, 159ABPM parameters, 16224-hour BP, 166Daytime BP and nighttime BP, 166Morning BP parameters, 166Nighttime BP parameters, 166MBPS parameters, 166Nighttime BP surge parameters, 166Nighttime BP dipping parameters, 167ABPM-defined hypertension subtypes, 167Home and ambulatory BP-guided management of hypertension, 167STEpwise-Personalized 24-hour BP control approach (STEP24 approach), 167Targeting morning hypertension (Step 1), 167Targeting nocturnal hypertension (Step 2), 171Pressor mechanism-based nighttime BP management strategy, 1734 BP targets, when to initiate antihypertensive therapy, and nonpharmacological treatment, 177Clinical implications of antihypertensive treatment, 177SPRINT and automated office BP, 177Meta-analysis of antihypertensive trials, 177When to initiate antihypertensive therapy, 178Patient preference, 178Sodium intake, 179Other dietary requirements, 181Exercise, 183Sleep hygiene, 185Housing condition, 185Applications and algorithms to facilitate lifestyle modification: CureAPP, 1875 Antihypertensive medication, 189Concept of 24-hour BP lowering including nighttime and morning BPs, 189Chronotherapy, 189Antihypertensive drug choice, 190Calcium channel blockers, 190Amlodipine, 194Nifedipine, 195Cilnidipine, 197Azelnidipine, 199Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, 201Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 201Valsartan, 201Telmisartan, 204Candesartan, 204Olmesartan, 205Azilsartan, 206Diuretics, 212Alpha-adrenergic blockers and beta-adrenergic blockers, 214Mineralocorticoid receptor blockers (MRB), 215Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi), 217Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA), 221Combination therapy, including single pill combinations, 222First-line therapy, 222Second-line therapy, 222Clinical trials of antihypertensive combination therapy, 226Management of resistant hypertension, 238Third-line therapy, 238Fourth-line therapy, 239SGLT2 inhibitors, 240SACRA study, 243SHIFT-J study, 244LUSCAR study, 248Summary, 250Other BP-lowering therapies, 252Hypnotics, 252XOR inhibitor, 252Herbal medication, 2536 Renal denervation, 255Unsolved issues in the treatment of hypertension and the era for renal denervation, 255Hypothesis of perfect 24-hour BP control by renal denervation, 256History, 257Advances in devices, 262Symplicity spyral system (radiofrequency thermal ablation), 262Iberis® system, 264Paradise system (ultrasonic thermal ablation), 264Peregrine system (trans-arterial alcohol injection), 265Other energy modalities, 266Evidence for renal denervation treatment of hypertension from Sham-controlled trials, 266SPYRAL trials, 266Radiance-Htn Solo study, 268Evidence from Japanese populations, 269The Global Symplicity Registry (GSR), 269Safety of the renal denervation procedure, 27024-hour BP lowering profile for cardiovascular protection, 270Responders and clinical indications, 2727 Blood pressure linked telemedicine and telecare, 278Anticipation medicine, 278Innovation technology, 280Concept of “trigger” management, 282Multisensors and the real-time hybrid Wi-SUN/Wi-Fi transmission system, 283AI and anticipation models, 284Development of wearable beat-by-beat (surge) BP monitoring, 285Surge index, 292Disaster cardiovascular prevention (DCAP) network, 294Successful anticipation model of ICT-based BP control, 302Disaster hypertension, 302COVID-19 era, 3058 Asia perspectives, 311What is the HOPE Asia Network?, 311HOPE Asia Network achievements, 312Characteristics of cardiovascular disease in Asia, 315Obesity and salt intake in Asia, 31524-hour ambulatory BP profile in Asia, 320Asia BP@Home Study, 325References, 328Index, 368
