Environmental Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Devices

Shadpour Mallakpour, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Isfahan University of Technology in Iran. His research focus is on the preparation and characterization of polymer-based nanocomposites and bionanocomposites to be used as bioactive materials as well as adsorbents and photocatalysts for remediation technology.Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), United States. His research focus is on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials in the environment and analytical chemistry.

• 1 Graphene-Based Nanomembranes for Sustainable Water Purification Applications 1Uluvangada T. Uthappa, Dusan Losic, and Mahaveer D. Kurkuri1.1 Introduction 11.2 Graphene and GO-Based Membrane Characteristics and Properties 21.3 Fabrication of Graphene-Based Nanomembranes for Water Treatment Applications 41.3.1 Desalination 41.3.2 Treatment for Dyes 51.3.3 Graphene Nanomembranes for Salt and Dye Rejection 51.3.4 Translation of Graphene Nanomembranes for Real Applications 231.4 Graphene Nanomembranes for Heavy Metals Treatment 241.4.1 Heavy Metals 241.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 25Acknowledgments 26Important Websites 26References 262 Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials: Application in Environmental Decontamination 33Karan Chaudhary and Dhanraj T. Masram2.1 Introduction 332.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials 352.3 Application of Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials 362.3.1 Removal of Toxic Metal Contaminants 362.3.2 Removal of Toxic Organic Contaminants 412.3.3 Removal of Other Contaminants 452.4 Conclusion 46Further Reading 46References 473 Biomass- or Biowaste-Derived Carbon Nanoparticles as Promising Materials for Electrochemical Sensing ApplicationsAnila R. Cherian, Vinay S. Bhat, Anitha Varghese, and Gurumurthy Hegde3.1 Introduction 533.2 Electrochemical Sensors 543.3 The Choice of Electrode Materials 543.4 Biomass-Derived Porous Carbons 563.4.1 Synthesis 563.4.1.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) 563.4.1.2 Pyrolysis 583.4.2 Structure and Properties 583.5 Biomass-Derived Carbons in Electrochemical Sensing 613.5.1 H2O2 Sensing from Okra-Derived Carbons 613.5.2 Acetaminophen (AC) Detection by Seaweed-Derived Carbons 623.5.3 4-Nitrophenol Detection from Mango Leave-Derived Carbons 653.5.4 Bisphenol-A (BPA) Detection Using Bamboo Fungi-Derived Carbon 673.5.5 Nitrite Ion Detection by Areca Nut-Derived Carbons 693.5.6 Catechin Sensing Using Bougainvillea spectabilis-Derived Carbons 723.5.7 Progesterone Sensing by Onion Peel-Derived Carbons 733.5.8 Butein Detection from Oil Palm Leave-Derived Carbons 753.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 79Acknowledgment 79Website Links 80References 804 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment 87Ramesh K. Guduru, Anurag A. Gupta, Parwathi Pillai, and Swapnil Dharaskar4.1 Introduction 874.2 Wastewater 884.3 Wastewater Treatment Methods 894.4 Nanomaterials 904.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 924.6 Adsorption Mechanisms of CNTs and Graphene 934.6.1 Adsorption Through Physical and Chemical Methods 934.6.2 Adsorption Through Biological Methods 1144.6.3 Adsorption Using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) 1144.6.4 CNT- and Graphene-Based Composite Adsorbents 1144.7 Membrane-Based Filtration of Contaminants Using CNTs and Graphene-Based Materials 1154.8 Use of CNTs and Derivative Materials as Disinfecting Agents for Water Purification 1214.9 Commercial Use of CNMs in Wastewater Treatment 1224.10 Conclusions 122Recommendations 123References 1235 Electrochemical Determination of Indigotine Based on Poly(Gibberellic Acid)-Modified Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode 135Girish Tigari, Jamballi G. Manjunatha, and Chenthattil Raril5.1 Introduction 1355.2 Experimental 1365.2.1 Chemicals 1365.2.2 Bare Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode (BCNTPE) Preparation 1365.3 Results and Discussion 1365.3.1 Electropolymerization of BCNTPE with GA 1365.3.2 FE-SEM Characterization of BCNTPE and PGAMCNTPE 1375.3.3 EIS Characterization for PGAMCNTPE and BCNTPE 1375.3.4 CV Behavior of IT at PGAMCNTPE and BCNTPE 1375.3.5 Variation of IT Behavior at Different pHs 1375.3.6 Effect of Voltage Sweep Rate 1395.3.7 Calibration Curve 1405.3.8 Reproducible and Stable Sensor 1415.3.9 Interference Analysis 1415.3.10 Water Sample Analysis 1415.4 Conclusion 142Acknowledgment 143Important Websites for Reference 143References 1436 Toxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 147Arpita Adhikari and Joydip Sengupta6.1 Introduction 1476.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 1496.2.1 Fullerene 1496.2.2 Carbon Nanotube 1496.2.3 Graphene and Graphene Derivatives 1496.3 Nanotoxicology and Resulting Cytotoxicity or Cellular Toxicity 1516.4 Assessment of Nanocytotoxicity 1556.4.1 Respiratory or Pulmonary Toxicity 1556.4.2 Dermal or Skin Toxicity 1576.4.3 Cardiovascular Toxicity 1586.4.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity 1586.4.5 Hepatotoxicity or Liver Toxicity 1596.4.6 Ocular Toxicity 1606.5 Conclusions 160Important Websites 161References 1617 Fundamentals of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) for Environmental Devices and Techniques 173Kiran Soni and Rekha Yadav7.1 Introduction 1737.2 Synthesis 1747.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 1747.2.2 Graphene 1757.2.3 Fullerenes 1767.2.4 Carbon Nanocones 1767.2.5 Functionalization of Nanomaterials 1767.3 Applications 1777.3.1 Nanowires 1777.3.1.1 Carbon Nanotube as Environmental Sensor 1777.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Wastewater Treatment 1787.3.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes in Green Nanocomposite Design 1797.3.1.4 CNT as Biological Sensor 1797.3.1.5 CNT as Filler 1807.3.2 Graphene 1817.3.2.1 Graphene as Environmental Sensors 1827.3.2.2 Graphene in Wastewater Treatment 1837.3.2.3 Graphene as Biological Sensors 1857.3.2.4 Graphene for Removing Organic Pollutants 1867.3.3 Fullerenes 1887.3.3.1 Fullerene as Environmental Sensor 1887.3.3.2 Fullerene in Wastewater Treatment 1887.3.3.3 Fullerene as Biological Sensor 1887.3.3.4 Fullerene in Agriculture 1897.3.4 Carbon Nanocones 1897.3.4.1 Carbon Nanocones as Environmental Sensors 1897.4 Conclusion 190Useful Links 190References 1908 Fundamental of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Devices and Techniques 197Baskaran Ganesh Kumar, P. PonSathieshkumar, and K.S. Prakash8.1 Introduction 1978.2 Results and Discussion 1998.2.1 What Are Carbon Nanomaterials? 1998.2.1.1 Fullerene 1998.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 1998.2.1.3 Graphene 2008.2.2 Functionalization of CNMs 2008.2.2.1 Need for Functionalization 2008.2.2.2 Covalent Functionalization 2018.2.2.3 Non-covalent Functionalization 2088.2.3 CNMs for Environment Devices 2098.2.3.1 Solar Cell 2138.2.3.2 Gas Sensors by Functionalized CNMs 2148.2.3.3 Humidity Sensors by Functionalized CNMs 2158.2.3.4 LEDs by Functionalized CNMs 2158.2.3.5 Metal Absorption by Functionalized CNMs 2168.2.3.6 Water Purification by Functionalized CNMs 2178.3 Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Prospects 218Acknowledgments 218Related Web Links 219References 2199 Functionalized Magnetic Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 227Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh9.1 Introduction 2279.2 Types of Carbon-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites Used in Pollutants Removal from Environment 2289.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 2289.2.2 Graphene and Its Derivative Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 2289.2.3 Fullerenes Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 2299.2.4 Nanodiamond-Filled Magnetic Nanocomposites 2299.2.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 2299.3 Different Processing Methods for Magnetic Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 2299.3.1 Melt Blending 2299.3.2 Hydrothermal Method 2309.3.3 Co-Precipitation Method 2309.3.4 In Situ Polymerization 2309.3.5 Sol–Gel Method 2319.4 Applications of Magnetic Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 2319.4.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 2319.4.2 Adsorption of Organic Dye 2349.4.3 Other Organic Pollutants 2369.5 Future Prospects 2379.6 Conclusions 238Important Websites 238References 23810 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Ammonia Sensors 251Rakshith K. Srinivasreddy and Ravi-Kumar Kadeppagari10.1 Introduction 25110.2 Ammonia Sensors 25110.3 Types and Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 25310.4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Ammonia Sensors 25410.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 25710.6 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Ammonia Sensors 25810.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 259Acknowledgments 259Websites 259References 25911 Functionalized Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment 265RaviPrakash Magisetty, Naga Srilatha Cheekuramelli, and Radhamanohar Aepuru11.1 Introduction 26511.2 Need for Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment, and Its Advancement 26611.3 Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment 26711.3.1 Renewable Energy Applications 26711.3.2 Agriculture Applications 26811.3.3 Biomedical Applications 27011.3.4 Ocean and Atmospheric Applications 27411.4 Conclusion 278Important Websites 279References 27912 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) as Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Emergent Perspectives from Applications 283Shikha Gulati, Sanjay Kumar, Ayush Mongia, Anchita Diwan, and Parinita Singh12.1 About the Chapter 28312.2 Introduction 28412.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 28412.4 Classification of CNTs 28612.4.1 Advantages of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 28712.4.2 Disadvantages of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 28712.5 Synthetic Methodologies of CNTs 28812.5.1 Laser Ablation (LA) Method 28812.5.2 Electric Arc Discharge (EAD) Method 28912.5.3 Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) Method 28912.5.4 Electrolysis Method 28912.6 Purification Techniques of CNTs 29012.6.1 Vacuum Oven Treatment 29112.6.2 Microwave Treatment 29112.6.3 Chemical Oxidation 29112.6.4 Piranha Treatment 29112.6.5 Annealing 29212.6.6 Ultrasonication 29212.6.7 Magnetic Purification 29212.6.8 Cutting 29212.6.9 Chromatography 29212.7 Need of Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 29312.8 Functionalization Strategies of CNTs 29312.8.1 Covalent Functionalization 29312.8.2 Non-covalent Functionalization 29512.9 Advantages of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) 29612.10 Medicinal Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) 29612.10.1 FCNTs in Drug Delivery 29612.10.2 FCNTs in Drug Loading 29812.10.3 FCNTs in Drug Targeting 30112.10.3.1 Cancer Targeting 30112.10.3.2 Brain Targeting 30212.10.3.3 Lymphatic Targeting 30212.10.3.4 Tuberculosis Targeting 30312.11 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Considerations of FCNTs 30312.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective 305Some Important Websites 306References 30613 Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride by Carbon Nanomaterials 313Tanvir Arfin13.1 Introduction 31313.2 Geochemistry of Fluoride 31413.3 Fluoride in Water 31413.3.1 Dynamics of Fluoride in Groundwater 31513.4 Fluoride Solubility and Temperature 31613.5 Sources of Fluoride in the Environment 31613.6 Health Effects of Fluoride 31613.7 Removal Technologies 31613.8 Classification of Adsorbents 31713.9 Carbon-Based Adsorbents 31713.9.1 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNM) 31813.9.1.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 31913.9.1.2 Graphene 31913.10 Conclusion 320Acknowledgment 321Important Websites 321References 32114 Functionalized Carbon Nano-Membranes Based Devices for Water Purification Technology 331Lindomar Cordeiro A. de Araújo and Luiz Pereira da Costa14.1 Introduction 33114.2 Desalination 33314.3 Removal of Particles (Ions, Heavy Metals) 33514.4 Removal of Microorganisms 33614.5 Final Considerations 339Websites on the Topic 339References 33915 Functionalized Bio-carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Utilizations 347Mahtabin R. Rozbu, Ahmedul Kabir, and Paulraj M. Selvakumar15.1 Introduction 34715.2 Carbon Nanomaterial 34915.3 Synthesis of Fullerenes 34915.4 Synthesis of CNTs 35015.5 Synthesis of Graphenes 35015.6 Bio-carbon Nanomaterials 35115.7 Functionalization of Nanom\aterials 35115.7.1 Importance of Functionalization 35215.8 Nanocellulose 35215.8.1 Synthesis of Nanocellulose (NC) 35215.8.2 Synthesis of CNCs 35315.8.3 Synthesis of CNFs 35315.8.4 Synthesis of DCCs 35415.8.5 Synthesis of BNC 35415.8.6 Applications 35415.8.6.1 NC in Purification Technology as Films and Foams 35415.8.7 NC as Solar Cells 35515.8.8 NC as Stabilizing Agent 35515.8.9 NC in Biomedicine 35515.9 Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-doped Bio-carbon 35615.9.1 Application Co-doped Bio-carbon 35615.10 Biochar 35615.10.1 Application of Biochar 35715.10.1.1 Application of Bio-carbon Derived from Sisal Leaves 35715.11 Biopolymers 35715.11.1 Biopolymers in “Green” Synthesis of Nanoparticles 35715.11.2 Biopolymers in Waste Water Treatments 35815.11.3 Biopolymers as Bioplastics 35815.11.4 Nanocomposites 35815.11.5 Peptide Nanoparticles 35915.11.5.1 Dipeptides 35915.11.5.2 Peptide Amphiphiles 35915.11.5.3 Dendrimers 36015.11.5.4 Coiled-Coil Peptides 36015.11.5.5 Peptide–Nucleic Acid Complexes 36015.11.5.6 Casein Micelles 36015.11.5.7 Peptide Nanotubes 36015.11.6 Further Application of Bio-carbon Nanomaterials as Devices 36115.11.7 Characterization Technique 36115.12 Conclusion 362Important Websites 363References 36316 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery Systems 375Subhendu Chakroborty and Suban K. Sahoo16.1 Introduction 37516.2 Carbon Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery 37516.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Drug Delivery 37516.2.2 Graphene Oxide (GO) in Drug Delivery 37916.2.3 Carbon Dots (CDs) in Drug Delivery 38416.2.4 Nanodiamonds (NDs) in Drug Delivery 38716.3 Conclusions 389Important Websites on Drug Delivery Systems 389References 38917 Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials (FCNMs): A Green and Sustainable Vision 395Upasana Issar and Richa Arora17.1 Introduction 39517.2 Environment-Friendly and Greener Ways to Synthesize FCNMs 39617.3 Applications of FCNMs for a Green and Sustainable Environment 39817.3.1 FCNMs in Wastewater Remediation 39817.3.2 FCNMs in Air Pollution Remediation 40017.3.3 FCNMs in Nuclear Waste Management 40117.3.4 FCNMs as Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts 40217.3.5 FCNMs for Energy Storage 40317.3.5.1 FCNMs and Solar Cells 40317.3.5.2 FCNMs and Supercapacitors 40517.3.5.3 FCNMs and Hydrogen Storage 40617.3.5.4 FCNMs and Fuel Cell 40717.3.6 FCNMs and Biofuels 40817.3.7 FCNMs as Nanofertilizers 40917.3.8 Miscellaneous Applications 40917.4 Summary 410Some Important Weblinks Related to Applications of FCNMs 410References 41018 Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Impending Pharmaceutical Applications: A Green andSustainable Vision 423Vaneet Kumar, Saruchi, and Harsh Kumar18.1 Introduction 42318.2 Carbon Nanotubes: Functionalization for Biomedical Applications 42418.2.1 Applications of Functionalization Carbon Nanotubes in the Pharmaceutical Field 42618.2.2 Treatments of Tumors by Functionalized CNT 42818.2.3 Treatment of Infectious Diseases by Functionalized CNT 42818.2.4 Functionalized CNT as Antioxidants 42918.2.5 Functionalized CNTs as Diagnostics 42918.2.6 Solid Phase Extraction of Drugs and Biochemical’s with CNTs 43018.2.7 Toxicity Contemplation of CNTs 43118.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 432Important Websites about the Topic 433References 433Index 439