English and Korean in Contrast

JONG-BOK KIM is Professor in the Department of English Linguistics and Literature at Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. His publications include Syntactic Constructions in English, English Syntax: An Introduction, The Syntactic Structure of Korean: A Construction Grammar Perspective, and numerous papers in top-tier domestic and international journals. He is also an Alexander von Humboldt Research Award Winner and a Distinguished Research Fellow of National Research Foundation of Korea.

• Preface xiiiAbbreviations xv1 Linguistic Differences: Where Do They Come From? 11.1 Linguistic Differences 11.2 Cultural Differences 31.3 Why Contrastive Analyses? 51.4 What This Book Is About 6Exercises 72 Sounds and Writing Systems: How to Speak and Write 92.1 Introduction 92.2 English Sound Systems 102.2.1 English Consonants 102.2.2 English Vowels 122.3 Korean Hangul Alphabet and Romanization 132.4 Korean Sound Systems 152.4.1 Korean Consonants 152.4.2 Korean Vowels 172.5 Syllable Structures 182.5.1 English Syllable Structures 182.5.2 Korean Syllable Structures 202.6 Suprasegmental Features 212.6.1 English Suprasegmental Features 212.6.2 Korean Suprasegmental Features 222.7 Contrastive Notes 232.7.1 Consonants 232.7.2 Different Vowel Sets 242.7.3 Syllable and Consonant Clusters 242.7.4 Stress vs. Nonstress 252.8 Conclusion 25Exercises 263 Words: Where Every Sentence Begins 293.1 Introduction 293.2 English Parts of Speech 293.2.1 Nouns 303.2.2 Verbs: Main and Auxiliary 303.2.3 Adjectives 323.2.4 Adverbs 323.2.5 Determiners 333.2.6 Prepositions 333.2.7 Particles 343.2.8 Conjunctions 353.2.9 Complementizers 363.3 Korean Parts of Speech 373.3.1 Nominals 373.3.2 Adnominals 413.3.3 Verbals: Adjective and Verb Together 423.3.4 Adverbials 463.4 Expanding Verbals and Nominals 473.4.1 Verbal and Nominal Derivations and Inflections in English 473.4.2 Verbal Inflections in Korean 483.4.3 Nominal Expansion in Korean 523.5 Contrastive Notes 533.5.1 Different Sets of Lexical Categories 533.5.2 Simple vs. Rich Verbal Inflection Systems 553.5.3 Simple vs. Rich Nominal Inflections 563.6 Conclusion 56Exercises 574 Phrases: Combining Words and Building Larger Expressions 614.1 Introduction 614.2 Main Phrases in English 624.2.1 Noun Phrases 624.2.2 Verb Phrases 644.2.3 Adjective Phrases 654.2.4 Adverbial Phrases 664.2.5 Prepositional Phrases 674.2.6 Complementizer Phrases and Subordinating S (Conj-S) 684.3 Phrases in Korean 694.3.1 Nominal Phrases 694.3.2 Verbal Phrases: Stative and Nonstative VPs 744.3.3 Adverbial Phrases 784.4 Complex Phrases: Expanding the Size of Phrases 794.5 Contrastive Notes 804.5.1 Noun Phrases vs. Nominal Phrases 804.5.2 Verb Phrases and Verbal Phrases 814.5.3 Adnominal Phrases 824.5.4 Prepositions and Case Marking 824.6 Conclusion 83Exercises 835 Grammar Rules: Constructing Sentences 875.1 Form and Function 875.2 Grammatical Functions 885.3 Mapping between Grammatical Function and Form 925.4 English Grammar Rules 935.4.1 Forming English Sentences 935.4.2 Simple English Sentences 975.5 Korean Grammar Rules 1015.5.1 Forming Korean Sentences 1015.5.2 Simple Korean Sentences 1055.5.3 Grammar Rule for Auxiliary Constructions 1065.6 Contrastive Notes 1085.6.1 SVO vs. SOV 1085.6.2 Head-Initial vs. Head-Final 1085.6.3 Fixed vs. Free Word Order 1095.6.4 Pro-Drop Languages 1105.6.5 Complement Omission 1115.7 Conclusion 111Exercises 1126 Tense and Aspect: Describing When and How a Situation Happens 1156.1 Ways to Describe an Event 1156.2 How to Describe an Event in English 1186.2.1 Tense and Verb Inflection Form 1186.2.2 Aspects: Ongoing and Completion 1216.2.3 Situation Types 1236.2.4 Sentence Types and Mood 1256.3 How to Describe an Event in Korean 1266.3.1 Tense in Korean 1266.3.2 Aspect in Korean 1316.3.3 Situation Types in Korean 1346.3.4 Sentence Types and Mood in Korean 1366.4 Contrastive Notes 1376.4.1 Tense 1376.4.2 Aspect 1386.4.3 Sentence Types and Mood 1386.5 Conclusion 139Exercises 1397 Auxiliary Systems: Helping Main Verbs 1437.1 Introduction 1437.2 English Auxiliary System 1447.2.1 Modals 1457.2.2 Aspectual Verbs: Be and Have 1477.2.3 Periphrastic Do 1497.2.4 Infinitival Clause Marker To 1497.2.5 Auxiliary and Negation 1507.3 Korean Auxiliary System 1527.3.1 Types of Auxiliary Verbs and 1527.3.2 Three Possible Structures 1547.3.3 Complex Predicate Formation 1567.3.4 Auxiliaries and Negation 1617.4 Contrastive Notes 1627.4.1 Syntactic Similarities and Differences 1637.4.2 Number of Auxiliary Verbs 1647.4.3 Types of Auxiliary Verbs, and Expressing Modality 1647.5 Conclusion 165Exercises 1668 Passive: Performing an Action or Being Acted Upon 1698.1 Introduction 1698.2 English Passive Constructions 1708.2.1 Canonical Passive 1708.2.2 Prepositional Passive 1738.2.3 Semantic and Pragmatic Constraints 1758.2.4 Adjectivals and Get-Passive 1768.3 Korean Passive Constructions 1788.3.1 Lexical and Syntactic Passives 1788.3.2 Typical Syntactic Passives 1818.3.3 Light-Verb Pseudo-Syntactic Passive 1848.3.4 Inchoative and Stative Pseudo-Syntactic Passive 1888.4 Contrastive Notes 1908.4.1 Similarities 1908.4.2 Structural Differences 1918.4.3 Non-Canonical Passives 1918.5 Conclusion 192Exercises 1929 Interrogative Constructions: Asking a Question 1959.1 Clausal Types and Interrogatives 1959.2 English Interrogatives 1969.2.1 Yes-No Questions and Answering System 1969.2.2 Tag Questions 1999.2.3 Alternative Questions 2009.2.4 Direct Wh-Questions and Syntactic Structures 2019.2.5 Indirect Wh-Questions 2059.2.6 Infinitival Wh-Questions 2079.2.7 Multiple Wh-Questions 2089.3 Korean Interrogatives 2089.3.1 Yes-No Question and Response Particles 2089.3.2 Wh-Questions 2109.3.3 Indirect Questions 2159.3.4 Multiple Wh-Questions 2189.3.5 Questions with Different Illocutionary Force 2199.4 Contrastive Notes 2209.4.1 Polar Questions and Response Particles 2209.4.2 Wh-Questions: In Situ or Not 2219.4.3 Interpreting Wh-Expressions 2219.5 Conclusion 222Exercises 22310 Relative Clauses: Building Bigger Nominal Expressions 22710.1 Modifying an NP in the Postnominal Position 22710.2 Relative Clauses in English 22810.2.1 Wh-Relative Clauses 22810.2.2 Wh- vs. That-Relative Clauses 23410.2.3 Reduced Relative Clauses 23410.2.4 Finite vs. Infinitival Relative Clauses 23510.2.5 Restrictive vs. Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses 23610.3 Relative Clauses in Korean 23810.3.1 Complex NPs 23810.3.2 Canonical Relative Clauses 24010.3.3 Internally Headed Relative Clauses 24310.3.4 Pseudo-Relative Clauses 24610.4 Contrastive Notes 24910.4.1 Relative Pronoun or Not 24910.4.2 Types of Relative Clauses 24910.4.3 Context-Sensitive Relative Clauses 25110.5 Conclusion 251Exercises 25211 Topic and Focus: Specifying Given and New Information 25511.1 Introduction 25511.2 Topic Constructions in English 25611.3 Topic Constructions in Korean 25911.3.1 General Properties 25911.3.2 Semantic/Pragmatic Classifications: Aboutness, Contrastive, and Scene-Setting 26111.3.3 Syntactic Classifications and Structures 26311.4 Focus Constructions in English 26811.4.1 General Properties 26811.4.2 Cleft Constructions in English and Their Syntactic Structures 26911.5 Focus Constructions in Korean 27411.5.1 General Properties 27411.5.2 Cleft Constructions in Korean 27611.5.3 Multiple-Nominative Focus Constructions 28111.6 Contrastive Notes 28311.6.1 Subject-Prominent vs. Topic-Prominent 28311.6.2 Types of Topics 28411.6.3 Focus Constructions: Clefts and Multiple Nominatives 28511.7 Conclusion 286Exercises 28612 Comparative Constructions: Comparing Two Things or Situations 28912.1 Introduction 28912.2 English Comparatives 29012.2.1 Clausal and Phrasal Comparatives 29012.2.2 Coordination vs. Subordination Properties 29112.2.3 Comparative Deletion and Ellipsis 29212.3 Korean Comparatives 29412.3.1 General Properties 29412.3.2 Structure of Phrasal Comparatives 29812.3.3 Structure of Clausal Comparatives 30112.3.4 Context-Dependent Comparatives 30412.4 Contrastive Notes 30512.4.1 Types of Comparatives 30512.4.2 Comparative Morphemes and Standard Markers 30612.4.3 Comparative Deletion and Comparative Ellipsis 30612.4.4 Context Dependency 30612.5 Conclusion 307Exercises 30713 Agreement: Harmonizing Together 31113.1 Introduction 31113.2 Agreement in English 31213.2.1 Agreement Features in English 31213.2.2 Determiner-Head Agreement 31313.2.3 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 31313.2.4 Subject-Verb Agreement as Morphosyntactic Agreement 31413.2.5 Subject-Verb Agreement as Index Agreement 31413.3 Agreement in Korean 31613.3.1 Subject-Verb Agreement as Honorific Agreement 31613.3.2 Addressee Agreement 31713.3.3 Multiple Honorification 31813.3.4 Agreement in Auxiliary Constructions 31913.4 Contrastive Notes 32113.4.1 Subject-Verb Agreement 32113.4.2 Other Types of Agreement 32113.5 Conclusion 322Exercises 32214 Figurative Languages and Metaphors: Those We Live By 32514.1 Literal vs. Figurative Uses in English 32514.2 Metaphors in English 32714.2.1 Conceptual Metaphors in English 32714.2.2 Structural, Ontological, and Orientational Metaphors in English 32914.3 Figurative Speech in Korean 33014.4 Metaphors in Korean 33214.4.1 Conceptual Metaphors in Korean 33214.4.2 Structural, Ontological, and Orientational Metaphors in Korean 33214.5 Contrastive Notes 33614.6 Conclusion 338Exercises 338Bibliography 343Index 353