Engineering Thermodynamics

P. Chattopadhyay, currently a senior faculty member in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Techno India College of Technology, Kolkata, has over 25 years of teaching experience. Prior to his current responsibility, he worked as Senior Engineer (Process) at HFCL. He has authored several textbooks such as Boiler Operation Engineering, Problems on Heat Transfer, Reactions, Mechanisms and Problems in Organic Chemistry, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering-vol. I and II, Flowmeters and Flow Measurement, and Fluidized Bed Boilers. He has also contributed several technical papers and seminar articles in various journals.

• PREFACE ; CONTENTS ; LIST OF SYMBOLS ; 1. BASIC CONCEPTS ; 1.1 THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS ; 1.2 CONTROL VOLUME ; 1.3 MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC APPROACHES ; 1.4 PURE SUBSTANCE ; 1.5 THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM ; 1.6 SYSTEM PROPERTIES ; 1.7 STATE ; 1.8 PROCESS ; 1.9 CONCEPT OF CONTINUUM ; 1.10 PATH ; 1.11 POINT (STATE) FUNCTION ; 1.12 PATH FUNCTION ; 1.13 TEMPERATURE ; 1.14 PRESSURE ; 1.15 ENERGY ; 1.16 WORK ; 1.17 HEAT ; 1.18 WORK AND HEAT-A COMPARISON ; 1.19 BASIC LAWS OF GASES ; 1.20 COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR ; 2. HEAT AND WORK TRANSFER ; 2.1 WORK TRANSFER ; 2.2 DISPLACEMENT WORK ; 2.3 PDV WORK IN VARIOUS QUASI-STATIC PROCESSES ; 2.4 SOME TYPICAL WORK FORMS OTHER THAN PDV WORK ; 2.5 ZERO WORK TRANSFER ; 2.6 NET WORK DONE BY SYSTEM ; 2.7 HEAT TRANSFER ; 2.8 SPECIFIC HEAT ; 2.9 LATENT HEAT ; 2.10 HEAT TRANSFER AND WORK TRANSFER-SALIENT FEATURES ; 3. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ; 3.1 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ; 3.2 ENERGY AS A SYSTEM PROPERTY ; 3.3 DIFFERENT FORMS OF STORED ENERGY ; 3.4 ENTHALPY ; 3.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ; 3.6 STORED ENERGY OF A SYSTEM IN A FLOW PROCESS ; 3.7 STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION ; 3.8 UNSTEADY FLOW PROCESSES ; 3.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ; 3.10 PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE I ; 4. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ; 4.1 HEAT RESERVOIR ; 4.2 HEAT ENGINE ; 4.3 HEAT PUMP ; 4.4 REFRIGERATOR ; 4.5 STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW ; 4.6 PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE II ; 4.7 CARNOT CYCLE ; 4.8 THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE ; 4.9 TYPES OF IRREVERSIBILITY ; 4.10 CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY ; 5. ENTROPY ; 5.1 ENTROPY AS A PROPERTY ; 5.2 ENTROPY CHANGE FOR ISOLATED SYSTEM ; 5.3 ENTROPY AND DISORDER ; 5.4 ENTROPY AND THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ; 5.5 FIRST AND SECOND LAWS COMBINED ; 5.6 ENTROPY CHANGE OF A PURE SUBSTANCE ; 5.7 CHANGE OF ENTROPY OF TYPICAL PROCESSES ; 5.8 MECHANISM OF ENTROPY TRANSFER ; 5.9 ENTROPY GENERATION ; 5.10 ENTROPY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS ; 5.11 ENTROPY BALANCE FOR STEADY-FLOW PROCESSES ; 5.12 ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE IS INCREASING ; 6. THERMODYNAMIC AVAILABILITY ; 6.1 ENTROPY GENERATION ; 6.2 AVAILABLE ENERGY OF A HEAT SOURCE ; 6.3 DECREASE IN AVAILABLE ENERGY BECAUSE OF FINITE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOURCE AND THE BODY ; 6.4 DEGREE OF AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY FROM A FINITE HEAT SOURCE ; 6.5 QUALITY OF ENERGY ; 6.6 LAW OF DEGRADATION OF ENERGY ; 6.7 AVAILABILITY ; 6.8 EXERGY OF IDEAL GAS SYSTEMS ; 6.9 EXERGY CONSUMPTION AND ENTROPY GENERATION IN A NON-FLOW PROCESS ; 6.10 EXERGY CONSUMPTION IN STEADY FLOW PROCESS ; 6.11 EXERGY TRANSFER ; 7 PROPERTIES OF STEAM ; 7.1 DEFINITIONS ; 7.2 TEMPERATURE-ENTHALPY DIAGRAM OF WATER ; 7.3 TEMPERATURE-ENTROPY DIAGRAM OF WATER ; 7.4 PROPERTIES OF STEAM ; 7.5 STEAM TABLES AND THE MOLLIER DIAGRAM ; 8. IDEAL GAS AND REAL GAS ; 8.1 IDEAL GAS ; 8.2 REAL GAS ; 8.3 INTERNAL ENERGY AND ENTHALPY OF AN IDEAL GAS ; 8.4 SPECIFIC HEATS OF AN IDEAL GAS ; 8.5 EQUATIONS OF STATE ; 8.6 VIRIAL EXPANSIONS ; 8.7 LAW OF CORRESPONDING STATES ; 8.8 BOYLE TEMPERATURE ; 8.9 DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES ; 8.10 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF GAS MIXTURES ; 8.11 GIBBS FUNCTION OF IDEAL GAS MIXTURES ; 9. VAPOUR POWER CYCLES ; 9.1 STEAM POWER PLANT CYCLE ; 9.2 CARNOT VAPOUR CYCLE ; 9.3 RANKINE CYCLE ; 9.4 QUALITIES OF IDEAL WORKING FLUID FOR VAPOUR POWER CYCLES ; 9.5 BINARY VAPOUR POWER CYCLES ; 10. GAS POWER CYCLES ; 10.1 SIMPLE GAS TURBINE ; 10.2 RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ; 10.3 DUAL CYCLE ; 10.4 COMPARISON OF OTTO , DIESEL, AND DUAL CYCLES ; 10.5 ATKINSON CYCLE ; 10.6 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS ; 11. REFRIGERATION CYCLES ; 11.1 REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS ; 11.2 THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE ; 11.3 IDEAL VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE ; 11.4 ACTUAL VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE ; 11.5 SELECTING THE RIGHT REFRIGERANT ; 11.6 HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS ; 11.7 INNOVATIVE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS ; 11.8 GAS REFRIGERATION CYCLES ; 11.9 ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM ; 12. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ; 12.1 EQUILIBRIUM CRITERIA ; 12.2 EQUILIBRIUM AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ; 12.3 REACTION EQUILIBRIUM AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ; 12.4 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT ; 12.5 EQUILIBRIUM COMPOSITIONS ; 12.6 DEPENDENCE OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT WITH TEMPERATURE ; 12.7 THERMAL IONIZATION OF A MONATOMIC GAS ; 13. COMBUSTION ; 13.1 FUELS AND COMBUSTION ; 13.2 STOICHIOMETRY OF COMBUSTION ; 13.3 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION PROCESSES ; 13.4 COMBUSTION PROCESSES: APPLICATION OF THE FIRST LAW ; 13.5 COMBUSTION PROCESSES: APPLICATION OF SECOND LAW ; 13.6 CHEMICAL AVAILABILITY OF A HYDROCARBON FUEL ; 14. ; THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS ; 14.1 THERMODYNAMIC VARIABLES ; 14.2 INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES ; 14.3 EXACT AND INEXACT DIFFERENTIALS ; 14.4 SOME MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS ; 14.5 MAXWELL'S THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS ; 14.6 APPLICATIONS OF MAXWELL'S THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS ; 14.7 JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT ; 15. PSYCHROMETRICS ; 15.1 PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR ; 15.2 MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ; 15.3 ENTHALPY (TOTAL HEAT CONTENT) OF MOIST AIR ; 15.4 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART ; 15.5 PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES ; APPENDIX ; CONVERSION TABLES AND BASIC DATA ON FUELS AND COMBUSTION ; REFERIGERATION TABLES ; REFERIGERATION CHARTS ; 1:1:1:2 TETRAFLUOROETHANE ; AMMONIA ; PROPANE ; ISOBUTANE ; ETHANE ; MODEL QUESTION PAPERS ; BIBLIOGRAPHY ; INDEX