Enclaves of the World

This is the story of territories in geographical discontinuity to their state of belonging, of enclaves in foreign countries, and of their inhabitants often forgotten by both their authorities and their fellow citizens. The author looks at these geographical oddities, consequences of historical accidents, these geopolitical "in-betweens", through an unprecedented fieldwork. These enclaves, endearing and vulnerable territories, all represent, to varying degrees, territories full of symbols, historical heritage, economic gains or strategic assets, territories with multiple influences. They thus embody the hybridity and complexity of our world. In political geography, enclaves are a part of the territory of a state located inside another belonging , to a given country but located geographically in another, usually neighbouring, country. An enclave can be separated from its main territory by one or more states. The term exclave is then sometimes used to describe it. This term is also used for enclaves with a seafront. But an enclave can also be considered as such by the country which surrounds it and as an exclave by the country to which it is attached: for example, the German enclave of Busingen-am-Hohrhein is considered by Switzerland as an enclave (in its national territory) and by Germany as an exclave (outside its national territories). These pieces of territory constitute both unknown places, fractures of our globalized world and places cut off from "their" world and their country. The people who live there are cut off from their motherland by foreign countries; they are citizens of a state that is far away. This book is in line with the previous ones (Walls Between Peoples, 2015, La Documentation francaise; Bridges Between Peoples, 2017, CNRS Editions / Presses des Ponts) focusing on the fractures of the world and its forgotten strategic regions and the trilogy known as "Geopolitics of Borderlands". This book uses the same configuration: 9 cases of enclaves and a general introduction that will revisit the theory of enclaves and try to find common features that connect that diversity of world's enclaves. A few books exist on specific enclaves (Kaliningrad, Baarle-Hertog), a few Master's thesis have been written (Temburong, Oecussi), and some theoretical work has been carried out (notably that of Yevgeniy Vinokurov in 2007). But no book deals with all the enclaves existing in the world and their populations. The addition of photographs also makes the topic accessible to a greater number of readers, and will make this book of a unique format. Nine cases of enclaves are analyzed : -The ancestral enclaves of Baerle in the Netherlands -The Bruneian exclave of Temburong on the island of Borneo -Melilla, Ceuta and Gibraltar, enclave cities in the Mediterranean -The Timorese exclave of Oecussi-Ambeno in the Indonesian island of T -The Russian exclave of Kaliningrad between Poland and Lithuania -The Omani enclaves of Madha and the Musandam in the United Arab Emirates and the Emirati counter-enclave of Nahwa in Oman -Nakhitchevan, an Azerbaijani exclave in the South Caucasus -The Angolan exclave of Cabinda between two Congos -The American exclave of Alaska BOOK CONTENTS I. - FOREWORD II - INTRODUCTION This introduction focuses in particular on the typology of enclaves (enclave/exclave, true enclave, counter-enclave, etc.). It includes an atlas and a table of the world enclaves, as well as two text boxes, one on the enclaves and fragments of Central Asia, the other on the enclaves of Cooch Behar between India and Bangladesh. III. - ENCLAVES AU QUOTIDIEN 25 pages of story-reporting-photos describing the enclave, its history, the daily life in the enclaves and the geostrategic challenges of the territory. Each chapter will be accompanied by the characteristics of the enclave, a map of the enclave in its geographical space and some chronological markers. 1- The ancestral enclaves of Baarle in the Netherlands (Baar...