Enabling Healthcare 4.0 for Pandemics

Abhinav Juneja PhD is Professor and Head of Computer Science & Information Technology Department, at KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, Delhi-NCR, India. He has published more than 40 research articles.Vikram Bali PhD is Professor and Head of Computer Science and Engineering Department at JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida, India. Sapna Juneja PhD is Professor and Head of Computer Science Department at IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India. Vishal Jain PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India. He has published more than 85 research articles and authored/edited more than 15 books. Prashant Tyagi, MBBS MS MCh is a practicing plastic surgeon at Cosmplastik Clinic,Sonepat, Delhi-NCR,India.

• Preface xvPart 1: Machine Learning for Handling COVID-19 11 COVID-19 and Machine Learning Approaches to Deal With the Pandemic 3Sapna Juneja, Abhinav Juneja, Vikram Bali and Vishal Jain1.1 Introduction 31.1.1 COVID-19 and its Various Transmission Stages Depending Upon the Severity of the Problem 41.2 COVID-19 Diagnosis in Patients Using Machine Learning 51.2.1 Machine Learning to Identify the People who are at More Risk of COVID-19 61.2.2 Machine Learning to Speed Up Drug Development 71.2.3 Machine Learning for Re-Use of Existing Drugs in Treating COVID-19 81.3 AI and Machine Learning as a Support System for Robotic System and Drones 101.3.1 AI-Based Location Tracking of COVID-19 Patients 101.3.2 Increased Number of Screenings Using AI Approach 111.3.3 Artificial Intelligence in Management of Resources During COVID-19 111.3.4 Influence of AI on Manufacturing Industry During COVID-19 111.3.5 Artificial Intelligence and Mental Health in COVID-19 141.3.6 Can AI Replace the Human Brain Intelligence in COVID-19 Crisis? 141.3.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of AI in Post COVID Era 151.4 Conclusion 17References 172 Healthcare System 4.0 Perspectives on COVID-19 Pandemic 21Rehab A. Rayan, Imran Zafar and Iryna B. Romash2.1 Introduction 222.2 Key Techniques of HCS 4.0 for COVID-19 242.2.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 242.2.2 The Internet of Things (IoT) 252.2.3 Big Data 252.2.4 Virtual Reality (VR) 262.2.5 Holography 262.2.6 Cloud Computing 272.2.7 Autonomous Robots 272.2.8 3D Scanning 282.2.9 3D Printing Technology 282.2.10 Biosensors 292.3 Real World Applications of HCS 4.0 for COVID-19 292.4 Opportunities and Limitations 332.5 Future Perspectives 342.6 Conclusion 34References 353 Analysis and Prediction on COVID-19 Using Machine Learning Techniques 39Supriya Raheja and Shaswata Datta3.1 Introduction 393.2 Literature Review 403.3 Types of Machine Learning 423.4 Machine Learning Algorithms 433.4.1 Linear Regression 433.4.2 Logistic Regression 453.4.3 K-NN or K Nearest Neighbor 463.4.4 Decision Tree 473.4.5 Random Forest 483.5 Analysis and Prediction of COVID-19 Data 483.5.1 Methodology Adopted 493.6 Analysis Using Machine Learning Models 543.6.1 Splitting of Data into Training and Testing Data Set 543.6.2 Training of Machine Learning Models 543.6.3 Calculating the Score 543.7 Conclusion & Future Scope 55References 554 Rapid Forecasting of Pandemic Outbreak Using Machine Learning 59Sujata Chauhan, Madan Singh and Puneet Garg4.1 Introduction 604.2 Effect of COVID-19 on Different Sections of Society 614.2.1 Effect of COVID-19 on Mental Health of Elder People 614.2.2 Effect of COVID-19 on our Environment 614.2.3 Effect of COVID-19 on International Allies and Healthcare 624.2.4 Therapeutic Approaches Adopted by Different Countries to Combat COVID-19 634.2.5 Effect of COVID-19 on Labor Migrants 634.2.6 Impact of COVID-19 on our Economy 644.3 Definition and Types of Machine Learning 644.3.1 Machine Learning & Its Types 654.3.2 Applications of Machine Learning 684.4 Machine Learning Approaches for COVID-19 694.4.1 Enabling Organizations to Regulate and Scale 694.4.2 Understanding About COVID-19 Infections 694.4.3 Gearing Up Study and Finding Treatments 694.4.4 Predicting Treatment and Healing Outcomes 704.4.5 Testing Patients and Diagnosing COVID-19 70References 715 Rapid Forecasting of Pandemic Outbreak Using Machine Learning: The Case of COVID-19 75Nishant Jha and Deepak Prashar5.1 Introduction 765.2 Related Work 785.3 Suggested Methodology 795.4 Models in Epidemiology 805.4.1 Bayesian Inference Models 815.4.1.1 Markov Chain (MCMC) Algorithm 825.5 Particle Filtering Algorithm 825.6 MCM Model Implementation 835.6.1 Reproduction Number 845.7 Diagnosis of COVID-19 855.7.1 Predicting Outbreaks Through Social Media Analysis 865.7.1.1 Risk of New Pandemics 875.8 Conclusion 88References 88Part 2: Emerging Technologies to Deal with COVID-19 916 Emerging Technologies for Handling Pandemic Challenges 93D. Karthika and K. Kalaiselvi6.1 Introduction 946.2 Technological Strategies to Support Society During the Pandemic 956.2.1 Online Shopping and Robot Deliveries 966.2.2 Digital and Contactless Payments 966.2.3 Remote Work 976.2.4 Telehealth 976.2.5 Online Entertainment 986.2.6 Supply Chain 4.0 986.2.7 3D Printing 986.2.8 Rapid Detection 996.2.9 QRT-PCR 996.2.10 Immunodiagnostic Test (Rapid Antibody Test) 996.2.11 Work From Home 1006.2.12 Distance Learning 1006.2.13 Surveillance 1006.3 Feasible Prospective Technologies in Controlling the Pandemic 1016.3.1 Robotics and Drones 1016.3.2 5G and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 1016.3.3 Portable Applications 1016.4 Coronavirus Pandemic: Emerging Technologies That Tackle Key Challenges 1026.4.1 Remote Healthcare 1026.4.2 Prevention Measures 1036.4.3 Diagnostic Solutions 1036.4.4 Hospital Care 1046.4.5 Public Safety During Pandemic 1046.4.6 Industry Adapting to the Lockdown 1056.4.7 Cities Adapting to the Lockdown 1056.4.8 Individuals Adapting to the Lockdown 1066.5 The Golden Age of Drone Delivery 1076.5.1 The Early Adopters are Winning 1076.5.2 The Golden Age Will Require Collaboration and Drive 1086.5.3 Standardization and Data Sharing Through the Smart City Network 1086.5.4 The Procedure of AI and Non-AI-Based Applications 1106.6 Technology Helps Pandemic Management 1116.6.1 Tracking People With Facial Recognition and Big Data 1116.6.2 Contactless Movement and Deliveries Through Autonomous Vehicles, Drones, and Robots 1126.6.3 Technology Supported Temperature Monitoring 1126.6.4 Remote Working Technologies to Support Social Distancing and Maintain Business Continuity 1126.7 Conclusion 113References 1137 Unfolding the Potential of Impactful Emerging Technologies Amid COVID-19 117Nusrat Rouf, Aatif Kaisar Khan, Majid Bashir Malik, Akib Mohi Ud Din Khanday and Nadia Gul7.1 Introduction 1187.2 Review of Technologies Used During the Outbreak of Ebola and SARS 1207.2.1 Technological Strategies and Tools Used at the Time of SARS 1207.2.2 Technological Strategies and Tools Used at the Time of Ebola 1217.3 Emerging Technological Solutions to Mitigate the COVID-19 Crisis 1247.3.1 Artificial Intelligence 1247.3.1.1 Application of AI in Developed Countries 1277.3.1.2 Application of AI in Developing Countries 1287.3.2 IoT & Robotics 1297.3.2.1 Application of IoT and Robotics in Developed Countries 1307.3.2.2 Application of IoT and Robotics in Developing Countries 1317.3.3 Telemedicine 1317.3.3.1 Application of Telemedicine in Developed Countries 1327.3.3.2 Application of Telemedicine in Developing Countries 1337.3.4 Innovative Healthcare 1337.3.4.1 Application of Innovative Healthcare in Developed Countries 1347.3.4.2 Application of Innovative Healthcare in Developing Countries 1347.3.4.3 Application of Innovative Healthcare in the Least Developed Countries 1357.3.5 Nanotechnology 1357.4 Conclusion 136References 1378 Advances in Technology: Preparedness for Handling Pandemic Challenges 143Shweta Sinha and Vikas Thada8.1 Introduction 1438.2 Issues and Challenges Due to Pandemic 1458.2.1 Health Effect 1468.2.2 Economic Impact 1478.2.3 Social Impact 1488.3 Digital Technology and Pandemic 1498.3.1 Digital Healthcare 1498.3.2 Network and Connectivity 1518.3.3 Development of Potential Treatment 1518.3.4 Online Platform for Learning and Interaction 1528.3.5 Contactless Payment 1528.3.6 Entertainment 1528.4 Application of Technology for Handling Pandemic 1538.4.1 Technology for Preparedness and Response 1538.4.2 Machine Learning for Pandemic Forecast 1558.5 Challenges with Digital Healthcare 1578.6 Conclusion 158References 1599 Emerging Technologies for COVID-19 163Rohit Anand, Nidhi Sindhwani, Avinash Saini and Shubham9.1 Introduction 1639.2 Related Work 1659.3 Technologies to Combat COVID-19 1669.3.1 Blockchain 1679.3.1.1 Challenges and Solutions 1689.3.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) 1699.3.2.1 Challenges and Solutions 1699.3.3 Mobile APK 1709.3.3.1 Challenges and Solutions 1709.3.4 Wearable Sensing 1719.3.4.1 Challenges and Solutions 1729.3.5 Internet of Healthcare Things 1739.3.5.1 Challenges and Solutions 1759.3.6 Artificial Intelligence 1759.3.6.1 Challenges and Solutions 1759.3.7 5G 1769.3.7.1 Challenges and Solutions 1769.3.8 Virtual Reality 1769.3.8.1 Challenges and Solutions 1779.4 Comparison of Various Technologies to Combat COVID-19 1779.5 Conclusion 185References 18510 Emerging Techniques for Handling Pandemic Challenges 189Ankur Gupta and Puneet Garg10.1 Introduction to Pandemic 19010.1.1 How Pandemic Spreads? 19010.1.2 Background History 19110.1.3 Corona 19210.2 Technique Used to Handle Pandemic Challenges 19410.2.1 Smart Techniques in Cities 19410.2.2 Smart Technologies in Western Democracies 19610.2.3 Techno- or Human-Driven Approach 19710.3 Working Process of Techniques 19710.4 Data Analysis 20110.5 Rapid Development Structure 20610.6 Conclusion & Future Scope 207References 208Part 3: Algorithmic Techniques for Handling Pandemic 21111 A Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithm for Intelligent Nurse Scheduling 213Tan Nhat Pham and Son Vu Truong Dao11.1 Introduction 21311.2 Methodology 21411.2.1 Data Collection 21411.2.2 Mathematical Model Development 21511.2.3 Proposed Hybrid Adaptive PSO-GWO (APGWO) Algorithm 21711.2.4 Discrete Version of APGWO 21911.2.4.1 Population Initialization 21911.2.4.2 Discrete Search Operator for PSO Main Loop 22311.2.4.3 Discrete Search Strategy for GWO Nested Loop 22411.2.4.4 Constraint Handling 23011.3 Computational Results 23011.4 Conclusion 232References 23312 Multi-Purpose Robotic Sensing Device for Healthcare Services 237HirakRanjan Das, Dinesh Bhatia, Ajan Patowary and Animesh Mishra12.1 Introduction 23812.2 Background and Objectives 23812.3 The Functioning of Multi-Purpose Robot 23912.4 Discussion and Conclusions 248References 24913 Prevalence of Internet of Things in Pandemic 251Rishita Khurana and Madhulika Bhatia13.1 Introduction 25213.2 What is IoT? 25513.2.1 History of IoT 25513.2.2 Background of IoT for COVID-19 Pandemic 25613.2.3 Operations Involved in IoT for COVID-19 25713.2.4 How is IoT Helping in Overcoming the Difficult Phase of COVID-19? 25713.3 Various Models Proposed for Managing a Pandemic Like COVID-19 Using IoT 26013.3.1 Smart Disease Surveillance Based on Internet of Things 26113.3.1.1 Smart Disease Surveillance 26113.3.2 IoT PCR for Spread Disease Monitoring and Controlling 26313.4 Global Technological Developments to Overcome Cases of COVID-19 26413.4.1 Noteworthy Applications of IoT for COVID-19 Pandemic 26513.4.2 Key Benefits of Using IoT in COVID-19 26913.4.3 A Last Word About Industrial Maintenance and IoT 27013.4.4 Issues Faced While Implementing IoT in COVID-19 Pandemic 27013.5 Results & Discussions 27013.6 Conclusion 271References 27214 Mathematical Insight of COVID-19 Infection—A Modeling Approach 275Komal Arora, Pooja Khurana, Deepak Kumar and Bhanu Sharma14.1 Introduction 27514.1.1 A Brief on Coronaviruses 27614.2 Epidemiology and Etiology 27714.3 Transmission of Infection and Available Treatments 27814.4 COVID-19 Infection and Immune Responses 27914.5 Mathematical Modeling 28014.5.1 Simple Mathematical Models 28114.5.1.1 Basic Model 28114.5.1.2 Logistic Model 28214.5.2 Differential Equations Models 28314.5.2.1 Temporal Model (Linear Differential Equation Model, Logistic Model) 28314.5.2.2 SIR Model 28414.5.2.3 SEIR Model 28514.5.2.4 Improved SEIR Model 28714.5.3 Stochastic Models 28814.5.3.1 Basic Model 28814.5.3.2 Simple Stochastic SI Model 28914.5.3.3 SIR Stochastic Differential Equations 29014.5.3.4 SIR Continuous Time Markov Chain 29014.5.3.5 Stochastic SIR Model 29114.5.3.6 Stochastic SIR With Demography 29214.6 Conclusion 292References 29315 Machine Learning: A Tool to Combat COVID-19 299Shakti Arora, Vijay Anant Athavale and Tanvi Singh15.1 Introduction 30015.1.1 Recent Survey and Analysis 30115.2 Our Contribution 30315.3 State-Wise Data Set and Analysis 30715.4 Neural Network 30815.4.1 M5P Model Tree 30915.5 Results and Discussion 30915.6 Conclusion 31415.7 Future Scope 314References 314Index 317