Electrically Conductive Polymers and Polymer Composites

Anish Khan is assistant professor in the Chemistry Department, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. He obtained his PhD degree from the Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh, India, in 2010. Dr. Khan has authored more than 100 research papers and 6 books. His research interest include synthetic polymers and organic-inorganic electrically conducting nano-composites, as well as their applications in electro-analytical and materials chemistry. Mohammad Jawaid is associate professor at the Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Malaysia as well as visiting professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia since June 2013. He obtained his PhD degree from the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. He has more than 10 years of experience in teaching, research, and industries. His current research interests include hybrid reinforced and filled polymer composites, fire retardants, lignocellulosic fibres and solid wood, as well as nanocomposites and nanocellulose fibres. Dr. Jawaid has published 11 Books, 27 Book Chapters, and has authored more than 190 Scientific Peer-reviewed Journal Articles. Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan is assistant professor in the Chemistry Department, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. He obtained his PhD degree from the Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh, India. Professor Parwaz Khan has authored more than 80 publications and 2 books. His research interests include the preparation and characterization of nanomaterials as well as their applications drug delivery systems. Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri is professor of the Chemistry Department, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. He obtained his PhD degree from the University of Walls College of Cardiff, U.K., in 1995. His research interests include the synthesis of photochromic and thermochromic systems as well as their applications in materials science, such as OLEDS and high performance organic dyes and pigments. He is member of editorial board of wide variety of journals, has authored more than 100 scientific publications, 6 books and has 2 patents on his name

• About the Editors xiiiPreface xvii1 Bioinspired Polydopamine and Composites for Biomedical Applications 1Ziyauddin Khan, Ravi Shanker, Dooseung Um, Amit Jaiswal, and Hyunhyub Ko1.1 Introduction 11.2 Synthesis of Polydopamine 21.2.1 Polymerization of Polydopamine 21.2.2 Synthesis of Polydopamine Nanostructures 31.3 Properties of Polydopamine 51.3.1 General Properties of Polydopamine 51.3.2 Electrical Properties of Polydopamine 61.3.2.1 Amorphous Semiconductor Model (ASM) of Melanin Conductivity 71.3.2.2 Spin Muon Resonance Model (SMRM) of Melanin Conductivity 81.4 Applications of Polydopamine 101.4.1 Biomedical Applications of Polydopamine 111.4.1.1 Drug Delivery 111.4.1.2 Tissue Engineering 121.4.1.3 Antimicrobial Applications 121.4.1.4 Bioimaging 151.4.1.5 Cell Adhesion and Proliferation 161.4.1.6 Cancer Therapy 161.5 Conclusion and Future Prospectives 21References 232 Multifunctional Polymer-Dilute Magnetic Conductor and Bio-Devices 31Imran Khan, Weqar A. Siddiqui, Shahid P. Ansari, Shakeel Khan, Mohammad Mujahid Ali khan, Anish Khan, and Salem A. Hamid2.1 Introduction 312.2 Magnetic Semiconductor-Nanoparticle-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 342.3 Types of Magnetic Semiconductor Nanoparticles 342.3.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 342.3.2 Ferrites 352.3.3 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 362.3.4 Manganites 372.4 Synthetic Strategies for Composite Materials 372.4.1 Physical Methods 382.4.2 Chemical Methods 402.4.2.1 In Situ Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Polymer Nanocomposites 402.4.2.2 In Situ Polymerization in the Presence of Magnetic Nanoparticles 412.5 Biocompatibility of Polymer/Semiconductor-Particle-Based Nanocomposites and Their Products for Biomedical Applications 422.5.1 Biocompatibility 422.6 Biomedical Applications 43References 433 Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposite and Biosensors 47Anish Khan, Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, Abdullah M. Asiri, Salman A. Khan, Imran Khan, and Mohammad Mujahid Ali Khan3.1 Introduction 473.2 Nanocomposite Synthesis 483.3 Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 483.3.1 Mechanical Properties 483.3.2 Thermal Properties 513.4 Electrical Properties 523.5 Optical Properties 533.6 Magnetic Properties 543.7 Application of Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposite in Biosensors 543.7.1 DNA Biosensors 543.7.2 Immunosensors 583.7.3 Aptamer Sensors 613.8 Conclusions 62References 634 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Conducting Polymer Composites for Biosensing Applications 69Mohammad O. Ansari4.1 Introduction 694.2 Biosensor: Features, Principle, Types, and Its Need in Modern-Day Life 704.2.1 Important Features of a Successful Biosensor 714.2.2 Types of Biosensors 714.2.2.1 Calorimetric Biosensors 714.2.2.2 Potentiometric Biosensors 724.2.2.3 Acoustic Wave Biosensors 724.2.2.4 Amperometric Biosensors 724.2.2.5 Optical Biosensors 724.2.3 Need for Biosensors 724.3 Common Carbon Nanomaterials and Conducting Polymers 734.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene (GN) 734.3.2 Conducting Polymers 734.4 Processability of CNTs and GN with Conducting Polymers, Chemical Interactions, and Mode of Detection for Biosensing 744.5 PANI Composites with CNT and GN for Biosensing Applications 754.5.1 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Sensors 754.5.2 Glucose Biosensors 764.5.3 Cholesterol Biosensors 774.5.4 Nucleic Acid Biosensors 784.6 PPy and PTh Composites with CNT and GN for Biosensing Applications 794.7 Conducting Polymer Composites with CNT and GN for the Detection of Organic Molecules 804.8 Conducting Polymer Composites with CNT and GN for Microbial Biosensing 834.9 Conclusion and Future Research 83References 845 Graphene and Graphene Oxide Polymer Composite for Biosensors Applications 93Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, Anish Khan, and Abdullah M. Asiri5.1 Introduction 935.2 Polymer–Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Applications 965.2.1 Polyaniline 975.2.2 Polypyrrole 1025.3 Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Scope 106References 1086 Polyaniline Nanocomposite Materials for Biosensor Designing 113Mohammad Oves, Mohammad Shahdat, Shakeel A. Ansari, Mohammad Aslam, and Iqbal IM Ismail6.1 Introduction 1136.2 Importance of PANI-Based Biosensors 1186.3 Polyaniline-Based Glucose Biosensors 1186.4 Polyaniline-Based Peroxide Biosensors 1206.5 Polyaniline-Based Genetic Material Biosensors 1216.6 Immunosensors 1226.7 Biosensors of Phenolic Compounds 1236.8 Polyaniline-Based Biosensor for Water Quality Assessment 1236.9 Scientific Concerns and Future Prospects of Polyaniline-Based Biosensors 1246.10 Conclusion 126References 1267 Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Films for Novel Biosensor 137Akil Ahmad, Jamal A. Siddique, Siti H. M. Setapar, David Lokhat, Ajij Golandaj, and Deresh Ramjugernath7.1Introduction 1377.2 Chitosan as Novel Biosensor 1397.3Application 1517.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 152Acknowledgment 153References 1538 Self Healing Materials and Conductivity 163Jamal A. Siddique, Akil Ahmad, and Ayaz Mohd8.1Introduction 1638.1.1 What Is Self-Healing? 1638.1.2 History of Self-Healing Materials 1638.1.3 What Can We Use Self-Healing Materials for? 1648.1.4 Biomimetic Materials 1648.2Classification of Self-Healing Materials 1648.2.1 Capsule-Based Self-Healing Materials 1658.2.2 Vascular Self-Healing Materials 1658.2.3 Intrinsic Self-Healing Materials 1678.3Conductivity in Self-Healing Materials 1698.3.1 Applications and Advantages 1708.3.2 Aspects of Conductive Self-Healing Materials 1718.4Current and Future Prospects 1718.5Conclusions 172References 1739 Electrical Conductivity and Biological Efficacy of Ethyl Cellulose and Polyaniline-Based Composites 181Faruq Mohammad, Tanvir Arfin, Naheed Saba, Mohammad Jawaid, and Hamad A. Al-Lohedan9.1 Introduction 1819.2 Conductivity of EC Polymers 1839.2.1 Synthesis of EC–Inorganic Composites 1839.2.2 Conductivity of EC-Based Composites 1849.3 Conductivity of PANI Polymer 1879.3.1 Synthesis of PANI-Based Composites 1899.3.2 Conductivity of PANI-Based Composites 1909.4 Biological Efficacy of EC and PANI-Based Composites 1929.5 Summary and Conclusion 194Acknowledgments 195References 19510 Synthesis of Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposite Materials and Their Biomedical Applications 199Mohammad Shahadat, Shaikh Z. Ahammad, Syed A. Wazed, and Suzylawati Ismail10.1 Introduction 19910.2 Biomedical Applications of PANI-Supported Nanohybrid Materials 20110.2.1 Biocompatibility 20110.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity 20210.2.3 Tissue Engineering 20410.3 Conclusion 211Acknowledgment 211References 21111 Electrically Conductive Polymers and Composites for Biomedical Applications 219Haryanto and Mohammad Mansoob Khan11.1 Introduction 21911.2 Conducting Polymers 21911.2.1 Conducting Polymer Synthesis 22111.2.1.1 Electrochemical Synthesis 22111.2.1.2 Chemical Synthesis 22111.2.2 Types of Conducting Polymer Used for Biomedical Applications 22111.2.2.1 Polypyrrole 22111.2.2.2 Polyaniline 22211.2.2.3 Polythiophene and Its Derivatives 22211.3 Conductive Polymer Composite 22311.3.1 Types of Conductive Polymer Composite 22311.3.1.1 Composites or Blends Based on Conjugated Conducting Polymers 22311.3.1.2 Composites or Blends Based on Non-Conjugated Conducting Polymers 22411.3.2 Methods for the Synthesis of Conductive Polymer Composites 22511.3.2.1 Melt Processing 22511.3.2.2 Mixing 22511.3.2.3 Latex Technology 22511.3.2.4 In Situ Polymerization Method 22511.4 Biomedical Applications of Conductive Polymers 22611.4.1 Electrically Conductive Polymer Systems (ECPs) for Drug Targeting and Delivery 22611.4.2 Electrically Conductive Polymer System (ECPs) for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 22711.4.3 Electrically Conductive Polymer Systems (ECPs) as Sensors of Biologically Important Molecules 22711.5 Future Prospects 22811.6 Conclusions 228References 228Index 237