Electric Power Systems

Michel Crappe (1936) received the degrees in Civil Minning Engineering and Civil Electrical Engineering in 1959 and 1962 respectively, from the Faculté Polytechnique de Mons (Belgium). He joined the Faculté Polytechnique de Mons in 1963, where he has been from 1971 to 2001 full professor in charge of the Electrical Machine Department. He is currently emeritus professor. Editor of 3 books on electric power systems, author or co-author of over 100 journal and conference papers and chapters in 6 books, in the areas of large electrical machine, system identification concepts, electric power system dynamic behaviour, FACTS and electrical energy distributed generation. Member of several Scientific Committees and Editorial Boards. From 1985 to 2000, chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Belgian Electrical Engineering Society (SRBE). Elected in November 2003 associate member of the Royal Belgian Academy Council of Applied Science. Member of SRBE, SEE (Emerite), EPE. Recipient of the 1998 PES Prize Paper Award of IEEE.

• Preface 1Chapter 1. General Aspects of the Control, Regulation and Security of the Energy Network in Alternating Current 5Noël JANSSENS and Jacques TRECAT1.1. Introduction 51.1.1. History 51.1.2. Network architecture 61.2. Power flow calculation and state estimation 71.2.1. Introduction 71.2.2. Modeling the components of the network 71.2.3. Power flow calculation 91.2.4. State estimation 111.3. Planning and operation criteria 131.3.1. Introduction 131.3.2. Power generation units 141.3.3. Transmission network 151.3.4. Electrical power distribution system 171.4. Frequency and power adjustments 181.4.1. Objectives and classification of the adjustments 181.4.2. Primary regulation 201.4.3. Secondary regulation 221.4.4. Tertiary regulation 231.4.5. Generating unit schedule 241.4.6. Load management 251.5. Voltage regulation 251.5.1. Case of short lines 261.5.2. Case of the line with capacity 281.5.3. Traditional methods of reactive energy compensation and voltage regulation 311.6. Bibliography 35Chapter 2. Evolution of European Electric Power Systems in the Face of New Constraints: Impact of Decentralized Generation 37Michel CRAPPE2.1. Introduction: a new paradigm 372.2. Structure of modern electric transmission and distribution networks 382.2.1. Modern transmission networks 382.2.2. Electrical distribution networks 422.3. Recent development in the European networks and new constraints 432.3.1. Deregulation of the electricity market in accordance with European directives 442.3.2. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the generation of electrical energy 452.3.3. Generation of electricity using renewable energy sources 462.3.4. Energy dependency of the European Union 462.4. The specific characteristics of electrical energy 472.4.1. Storage and production/consumption balance 482.4.2. Laws of physics on flow of energy 492.4.3. Strategic role of electrical energy 512.4.4. Voltage regulation in the electrical transmission and distribution networks 512.4.5. Ancillary services 522.5. Decentralized power generation 522.5.1. Definition 522.5.2. Decentralized power generation techniques in Europe, potential and costs 542.5.3. Decentralized power generation and CO2 emissions, indirect emissions from so-called “zero emission” power plants 722.5.4. Decentralized production and ancillary services 742.6. Specific problems in integrating decentralized production in the networks 782.6.1. Connection conditions 782.6.2. Influence on the design of the HV/MV stations 792.6.3. Influence on the protection of the distribution networks 802.6.4. Stability problems 822.6.5. Influence on the voltage plan 832.6.6. Impacts on transmission networks 852.6.7. Harmonic disturbances 862.7. New requirements in research and development 862.7.1. Technical domain 872.7.2. Economics 912.8. Conclusion: a challenge and an opportunity for development for the electrical sector 922.9. Bibliography 92Chapter 3. Planning Methods for Generation and Transmission of Electrical Energy 95Jean-Marie DELINCÉ3.1. Introduction 953.1.1. Generation functions 963.1.2. Functions of a transmission network 963.2. Planning in integrated systems and in a regulated market 973.2.1. Generation planning 983.2.2. Transmission network planning 1033.3. Generation planning in a deregulated market 1113.4. Establishing a development plan of the transmission network 1143.4.1. Reasons for investment 1143.4.2. Constraints and uncertainties 1153.4.3. Planning criteria 1183.4.4. Elaboration of the development plan 1213.5. Final observations 1253.6. Bibliography 125Chapter 4. Power Quality 127Alain ROBERT4.1. Introduction 1274.1.1. Disturbances and power quality 1274.1.2. Quality of electricity supply and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 1284.2. Degradation of the voltage quality – disturbance phenomena 1304.2.1. Frequency variations 1304.2.2. Slow component of voltage variations 1314.2.3. Voltage fluctuations – flicker 1314.2.4. Voltage dips 1314.2.5. Transients 1324.2.6. Harmonics and interharmonics 1344.2.7. Unbalance 1354.2.8. Overall view of the disturbance phenomena 1354.3. Basic concepts of standardization 1364.4. Quality indices 1394.4.1. Voltage continuity 1394.4.2. Voltage quality 1434.5. Evaluation of quality 1464.5.1. Voltage continuity 1464.5.2. Voltage quality 1474.6. Connection of the disturbance facilities 1484.6.1. Definition of the emission level of a disturbance facility 1484.6.2. Concept of short circuit power 1494.6.3. Determining the emission limits of a disturbance facility 1514.6.4. Verification of the emission limits after commissioning 1534.7. Controlling power quality 1544.7.1. Voltage continuity 1544.7.2. Voltage quality 1564.8. Quality in a competitive market – role of the regulators 1564.9. Bibliography 158Chapter 5. Applications of Synchronized Phasor Measurements to Large Interconnected Electric Power Systems 161Nouredine HADJSAID, Didier GEORGES and Aaron F. SNYDER5.1. Introduction 1615.2. Synchronized measurements 1625.3. Applications of synchronized measurements 1645.3.1. State estimation 1645.3.2. Network supervision 1655.3.3. Power system protection 1665.3.4. Power system control 1665.4. Application of synchronized measurements to damp power oscillations1675.4.1. Power oscillations 1675.4.2. Theory of PSS controllers 1715.4.3. Controller tuning by residue compensation 1725.4.4. Results 1765.5. Conclusion 1795.6. Bibliography 1795.7. Appendices 182Chapter 6. Voltage Instability 185Thierry VAN CUTSEM6.1. Introduction 1856.2. Voltage instability phenomena 1876.2.1. Maximum deliverable power for a load 1876.2.2. PV and QV curves 1886.2.3. Long-term voltage instability illustrated through a simple example 1896.2.4. Load restoration 1946.2.5. Classification of instabilities 1966.3. Countermeasures for voltage instability 1996.3.1. Compensation 1996.3.2. Automatic devices and regulators 1996.3.3. Operation planning 2016.3.4. Real time 2016.3.5. System protection schemes 2016.4. Analysis methods of voltage stability and security 2046.4.1. Contingency analysis 2046.4.2. Determination of loadability limits 2086.4.3. Determination of secure operation limits 2106.4.4. Preventive control 2136.5. Conclusion 2146.6. Bibliography 215Chapter 7. Transient Stability: Assessment and Control 219Daniel RUIZ-VEGA and Mania PAVELLA7.1. Introduction 2197.2. Transient stability 2207.2.1. Problem statement 2207.2.2. Operating procedures 2217.2.3. Deregulation of the electricity sector 2237.3. Transient stability assessment methods: brief history 2247.3.1. Conventional time domain approach: strengths and weaknesses 2247.3.2. Direct approaches: a brief history 2267.3.3. Note on automatic learning approaches 2287.4. The SIME method 2297.4.1. Origins 2297.4.2. Formulation 2307.4.3. Preventive SIME vs emergency SIME 2357.5. Different descriptions of transient stability phenomena 2367.6. The preventive SIME method 2407.6.1. Stability limits 2417.6.2. FILTRA: generic software for contingency filtering 2437.6.3. Stabilization of contingencies (“control”) 2457.6.4. Transient stability assessment and control: integrated software and example of application 2477.6.5. Current status of the preventive SIME 2527.7. Emergency SIME method 2527.7.1. Aims 2527.7.2. Origins 2537.7.3. Estimation of time taken by the different tasks 2567.7.4. Illustration 2567.7.5. Note on corrective control in open loop 2587.7.6. Conclusion 2597.8. Bibliography 260Chapter 8. Security of Large Electric Power Systems – Defense Plans – Numerical Simulation of Electromechanical Transients 263Marc STUBBE and Jacques DEUSE8.1. Introduction 2638.2. Degradation mechanisms of network operation 2648.2.1. The system 2648.2.2. Continuity of supply 2678.2.3. Degradation mechanisms 2708.2.4. Unfavorable factors causing spread of the incident 2758.3. Defense action and the notion of a defense plan 2778.3.1. Frequency instability 2778.3.2. Voltage instability 2808.3.3. Loss of synchronism 2818.3.4. Cascade tripping 2818.3.5. Notion of defense plan 2828.4. The extended electromechanical model 2828.4.1. Definition, validity domain 2828.4.2. Numerical simulation 2848.4.3. Mathematic properties 2858.4.4. Algorithmic properties 2858.5. Examples of defense action study 2928.5.1. Methodological considerations 2928.5.2. Load shedding due to voltage criteria [DEU 97] 2938.5.3. Islanding plan in case of loss of synchronism 3048.5.4. Industrial networks 3068.6. Future prospects 3108.6.1. Evolution of simulation tools 3138.6.2. Real-time curative action 3138.6.3. Load actions 3148.6.4. Decentralized production 3158.7. Bibliography 315Chapter 9. System Control by Power Electronics or Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems 317Michel CRAPPE and Stéphanie DUPUIS9.1. Introduction: direct current links and FACTS 3179.2. General concepts of power transfer control 3199.2.1. Introduction 3199.2.2. Power transmission through reactance 3209.2.3. Modification of reactance in link X 3229.2.4. Modification of voltage and the segmentation method 3249.2.5. Modification of the transmission angle 3259.2.6. Comparison of three methods in a simple case 3259.3. Control of power transits in the networks 3269.3.1. Circulation of power in a meshed network: power loop concept 3269.3.2. Modification of transits on parallel lines of a corridor 3299.4. Classification of control systems according to the connection mode in the network 3309.4.1. Series type controller 3309.4.2. Parallel or shunt type controller 3319.4.3. Compensators of series-series and series-shunt types 3329.5. Improvement of alternator transient stability 3339.5.1. Introduction to transient stability 3339.5.2. Simplified study of transient stability by area criterion 3349.5.3. Study of an application case 3379.5.4. Improvement of transient stability by ideal shunt compensation 3399.5.5. SVC type shunt compensator 3419.5.6. Shunt compensation with SVG (static var generator) compensator 3439.5.7. Series type compensation by modification of link reactance 3449.5.8. Series type compensation by modification of the transmission angle 3459.6. Damping of oscillations 3469.7. Maintaining the voltage plan 3469.8. Classification and existing applications of FACTS 3479.8.1. Classic systems with thyristors 3479.8.2. Systems with fully controllable elements 3539.8.3. Glossary 3599.9. Control and protection of FACTS 3609.10. Modeling and numerical simulation 3629.10.1. UPFC modeled by two voltage sources 3629.10.2. UPFC modeled by a series voltage source and a shunt current source 3639.10.3. UPFC modeled by two current sources 3649.10.4. UPFC modeled by two power injections 3659.10.5. Internal models of the UPFC 3669.11. Future prospects 3679.12. Bibliography 368List of authors 371Index 373