Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms

Edited byProfessor Dr Diego Cunha Zied of Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Brazil and Researcher Dr Arturo Pardo-Giménez of Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES), Spain.

• List of Contributors xixAcknowledgments xxiiiPreface xxv1 Mushrooms and Human Civilization 1Behari Lal Dhar1.1 Domestication of Mushrooms 2References 32 Current Overview of Mushroom Production in the World 5Daniel J. Royse, Johan Baars and Qi Tan2.1 Lentinula edodes 62.2 Pleurotus spp. 82.3 Auricularia spp. 102.4 Agaricus bisporus 102.5 Flammulina velutipes 112.6 Outlook 11References 123 Mushrooms: Biology and Life Cycle 15Eustáquio Souza Dias and Manuela Rocha de Brito3.1 Life Cycle of Fungi 153.2 The Subkingdom Dykaria 173.3 Homothallism, Heterothallism, and Amphithallism 183.4 Heterothallism 193.5 Homothallism 193.6 Amphithallism 203.7 Mating Type Genes 213.8 Agaricus brasiliensis (Syn = A. subrufescens or A. blazei): An Intriguing Example of Amphithallism 223.9 Life Cycle of Uncultivated Mushrooms 243.10 The Truffles 253.11 Morels 253.12 The Chanterelles 263.13 The Matsutake 273.14 Porcini 273.15 Decreased Production of Mycorrhizal Mushrooms in the Northern Hemisphere 283.16 Fitness of Filamentous Fungi 283.17 Final Considerations 30References 314 Genetic Aspects and Strategies for Obtaining Hybrids 35Manjit Singh and Shwet Kamal4.1 Agaricus bisporus 364.2 Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Species) 604.3 Conclusion 72References 735 Spawn Production 89Kasper Moreaux5.1 Our Spawn Industry Today 895.2 Basics 905.3 Spawn Production Techniques 925.4 Strain Selection 1015.5 Strain Preservation and Degeneration 1025.6 Production of Mother Cultures and Mother Spawn 1075.7 Hygiene 1145.8 Sterilization, Disinfection, and Filtration 1165.9 Substrate Composition 1225.10 Incubation 1235.11 Conservation and Transport 127References 1286 Compost as a Food Base for Agaricus bisporus 129Jos Buth6.1 The Place of Agaricus Strains in Nature 1296.2 Compost Process Phase I 1306.3 Preparing Raw Materials 1326.4 Phase II 1386.5 Phase III 144References 1477 Casing Materials and Techniques in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation 149A. Pardo]Giménez, J.E. Pardo and Diego C. Zied7.1 General Aspects of Casing and Fruiting 1497.2 Casing Materials 1537.3 Casing Related Techniques 158References 1638 The Bag or Block System of Agaricus Mushroom Growing 175Raymond Samp8.1 Overview of the System 1758.2 Bags and Blocks in Use 1768.3 Practical Use of the System – Phase I and Phase II 1788.4 Practical Use of the System – Spawning and Phase III 1798.5 Practical Use of the System – Casing through Cropping 186References 1959 The Mushroom Industry in the Netherlands 197Jos ButhReferences 20910 New Technology in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation 211Arcadio Gómez10.1 Introduction 21110.2 Stages and Operations of the Production System 21110.3 Conclusion 220References 22011 Insect, Mite, and Nematode Pests of Commercial Mushroom Production 221Danny Lee Rinker11.1 Fly Pests 22111.2 Mite Pests 23011.3 Nematode Pests 231References 23512 Mushroom Diseases and Control 239Francisco J. Gea and María J. Navarro12.1 Introduction 23912.2 Fungal Diseases 23912.3 Trichoderma Diseases 24512.4 Bacterial Diseases 25312.5 Viral Diseases 256Further Reading 25713 Harvesting and Processing of Mushrooms 261Juan Valverde13.1 Introduction 26113.2 Manual Harvesting 26213.3 Mechanical Harvesting 26513.4 Automatic Harvesting Systems 26513.5 Washing Mushrooms 26713.6 Canning Mushrooms 26813.7 Conclusions 268References 26914 Mushroom Farm Design and Technology of Cultivation 271Behari Lal Dhar14.1 Selection of Site and Pre-Requisites 27214.2 Components of a Mushroom Farm 27314.3 Mushroom Cultivation Technology 28614.4 Environmental Crop Management 29314.5 Cultivated Edible Specialty Mushrooms 295References 30715 Cultivation of Mushrooms in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 309Katsuji Yamanaka15.1 Introduction 30915.2 Characteristics of Mushroom Cultivation in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 31015.3 Cultivation Methods 31915.4 Diseases in Mushroom Cultivation in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 33315.5 Pests in Mushroom Cultivation in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags 337References 33816 Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus 339Alma E. Rodriguez Estrada and John Pecchia16.1 Pleurotus Species as Edible Fungi 33916.2 Pleurotus spp. as Recyclers 33916.3 Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus 342References 35617 Characteristics, Production, and Marketing of the Sun Mushroom: The New Medicinal Cultivated Mushroom 361Diego Cunha Zied, José Emilio Pardo González, Eustáquio Souza Dias and Arturo Pardo Giménez17.1 Introduction 36117.2 Morphological Characteristics 36217.3 Spawn Production 36317.4 Compost (Phase I and II) 36417.5 Spawning and Mycelium Run 36817.6 Casing Layer 36817.7 Facilities used in the Production Process 37017.8 Pinning and Harvest 37117.9 Post-Harvest and Marketing 37317.10 Medicinal and Chemical Characteristics of Mushrooms 37517.11 Diseases and Pests 37817.12 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) 382Acknowledgments 382References 38218 Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum 385Xuan]Wei Zhou18.1 Introduction 38518.2 Growing Conditions of Lingzhi 38618.3 Cultivating Patterns 38818.4 Production of the Substrate 39218.5 Preparation of Spawns and Inoculation 39418.6 Facilities 39518.7 Genetic Breeding 39718.8 Duration, Number of Flushes 40018.9 Diseases and Pests in the Cultivation of Lingzhi 40318.10 Medicinal Values 405Acknowledgments 407References 40719 Naturally Occurring Strains of Edible Mushrooms: A Source to Improve the Mushroom Industry 415Edgardo Albertó19.1 Edible Species and Their Cultivation 41519.2 Steps for the Domestication of Naturally Occurring Species 41619.3 Finding New Species for the Mushroom Production Industry: A Look Back at the Last Few Years 41819.4 Conclusions 423References 42320 Spent Mushroom Substrate Uses 427Danny Lee Rinker20.1 Introduction 42720.2 Characteristics of Spent Substrate 42820.3 Bioremediation 42920.4 Crop Production 43120.5 Reuse in the Cultivation of Mushrooms 43220.6 Food for Animals and Fish 43320.7 Pest Management 43320.8 Other Varied Uses 43420.9 Conclusion 435References 43521 Chemical, Nutritional, and Bioactive Potential of Mushrooms 455Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira, Ângela Fernandes and Sandrina A. Heleno21.1 Brief Introduction 45521.2 Chemical Composition and Nutritional Properties 45521.3 Bioactive Properties 47621.4 Conclusions 493References 49322 Medicinal Properties and Clinical Effects of Medicinal Mushrooms 503Solomon P. Wasser22.1 Introduction 50322.2 Current Perspectives and Advances 50522.3 Medicinal Mushroom Drugs 50722.4 Medicinal Mushroom Dietary Supplements 50822.5 Evidences, Challenges, and Unsolved Problems 51122.6 Medicinal Mushroom Natural Products as an Unclaimed Source for Drug Discovery 51522.7 Unsolved Problems in the Study of Structural Characteristics, Isolation Process, Receptor-Mediated Mechanism and Antitumor Activity of MM β-Glucans 51722.8 Medicinal Mushroom Clinical Studies 51822.9 Conclusions 533References 534Index 541